Estimation of the 3D correlation structure of an alluvial aquifer from surface-based multi-frequency ground-penetrating radar reflection data     

Zhiwei Xu  James Irving  Kyle Lindsay  John Bradford  Peimin Zhu  Klaus Holliger 《Geophysical Prospecting》2020,68(2):678-689

Knowledge about the stochastic nature of heterogeneity in subsurface hydraulic properties is critical for aquifer characterization and the corresponding prediction of groundwater flow and contaminant transport. Whereas the vertical correlation structure of the heterogeneity is often well constrained by borehole information, the lateral correlation structure is generally unknown because the spacing between boreholes is too large to allow for its meaningful inference. There is, however, evidence to suggest that information on the lateral correlation structure may be extracted from the correlation statistics of the subsurface reflectivity structure imaged by surface-based ground-penetrating radar measurements. To date, case studies involving this approach have been limited to 2D profiles acquired at a single antenna centre frequency in areas with limited complementary information. As a result, the practical reliability of this methodology has been difficult to assess. Here, we extend previous work to 3D and consider reflection ground-penetrating radar data acquired using two antenna centre frequencies at the extensively explored and well-constrained Boise Hydrogeophysical Research Site. We find that the results obtained using the two ground-penetrating radar frequencies are consistent with each other, as well as with information from a number of other studies at the Boise Hydrogeophysical Research Site. In addition, contrary to previous 2D work, our results indicate that the surface-based reflection ground-penetrating radar data are not only sensitive to the aspect ratio of the underlying heterogeneity, but also, albeit to a lesser extent, to the so-called Hurst number, which is a key parameter characterizing the local variability of the fine-scale structure.  相似文献   

生物土壤结皮对风沙土和黄绵土膨胀特性的影响     

王国鹏  肖波  李胜龙  姚小萌  孙福海 《中国沙漠》2020,40(1):97-104

作为重要的土壤物理性质，膨胀性在影响土壤导水性、持水性、抗蚀性以及土壤结构的形成和发育等方面发挥着重要作用。为了探讨生物土壤结皮（BSCs）土壤的膨胀特性及其主要影响因素，针对黄土高原风沙土和黄绵土两种典型土壤，利用膨胀仪测定并比较了有、无藓结皮及其在不同因素（初始含水量、干湿循环、冻融循环、温度）下膨胀率的差异，分析了BSCs对土壤膨胀性的影响及其与环境因素和BSCs性质的关系。结果显示：风沙土上藓结皮的膨胀率为1.93%，较无结皮增加了8.65倍；而黄绵土上藓结皮的膨胀率为2.05%，与无结皮相比降低了76.68%。藓结皮的生物量和厚度与其膨胀率在风沙土上均呈线性正相关关系（P < 0.05），在黄绵土上分别呈二次函数（P=0.02）和线性正相关关系（P=0.02）。初始含水量同时影响了土壤最大膨胀率和稳定膨胀时间，影响程度风沙土远大于黄绵土（包括藓结皮和无结皮）；干湿循环次数对无结皮土壤膨胀率的影响程度大于藓结皮土壤，其中风沙土和黄绵土上无结皮的膨胀率分别是50.00%~620.00%和-2.28%~10.81%，而两种土壤上藓结皮的膨胀率分别是-5.70%~10.88%和-10.24%~-21.46%；冻融循环下4种土壤的膨胀率均有不同程度的降低，降幅为0~18.54%。黄绵土无结皮的膨胀率受温度影响程度较大，50℃下黄绵土无结皮的膨胀率分别是25℃和35℃下的1.17倍和1.21倍。BSCs显著地改变了风沙土和黄绵土表层的膨胀性，其影响的程度和方向取决于土壤类型。同时，BSCs的膨胀性受含水量、温度、干湿以及冻融循环等关键因素影响。  相似文献   

角闪石成分对东天山铜镍矿床岩浆过程的指示意义     

方林茹  唐冬梅  秦克章  牛艳杰  毛亚晶  康珍 《岩石学报》2019,35(7):2061-2085

图拉尔根、香山和天宇、白石泉岩浆铜镍硫化物矿床分别位于新疆东天山的觉罗塔格构造带和中天山地块,角闪石在这些矿床中均以贯通矿物产出。本研究通过这些矿床角闪石的主量和微量元素含量,讨论两个构造单元成矿岩浆的性质和演化过程。四个矿床的角闪石种属主要为韭闪石、镁绿钙闪石、浅闪石、钛闪石、钙镁闪石和镁闪石,结晶温度区间为940～1080℃,压力区间为250～450MPa,相当于11～15km的深度。图拉尔根和香山矿床的角闪石结晶温度和压力均相对较低(平均分别为1027℃、318MPa和1013℃、313MPa),可能与其所处的觉罗塔格构造带断裂发育,成矿母岩浆易于侵位到较浅处结晶有关。四个矿床角闪石结晶时岩浆的含水量均较高(4%左右),可能是俯冲交代作用导致的地幔源区本身水含量较高以及角闪石结晶较晚共同作用的结果。相较于觉罗塔格构造带的图拉尔根和香山矿床(0 ΔNNO 1. 7),角闪石氧逸度计指示中天山地块天宇和白石泉矿床的氧逸度变化范围大且偏低(分别是-0. 6 ΔNNO 1. 7和-0. 4 ΔNNO 1. 8)。中天山铜镍矿床的氧逸度特征及相对觉罗塔格构造带较低的微量元素Ce/Pb比值指示其岩浆侵位过程中受到的古老地块的混染作用较强。以上研究表明角闪石虽是玄武质岩浆中较晚结晶的矿物,但能为示踪铜镍矿床岩浆演化提供重要线索。  相似文献   

不锈钢纤维网对热压铁基预合金胎体抗冲击韧性的影响          下载免费PDF全文

孙吉伟  吴海霞  沈立娜  杨甘生 《探矿工程》2020,47(2):73-77

针对孕镶金刚石钻头在孔底钻进时受到各种冲击力而导致胎体出现裂纹甚至断裂的问题，提出了应用不锈钢纤维网提高胎体抗冲击韧性的方法。通过控制纤维网的摆放位置、目数和层数3个变量，测试了不同组合变量下的胎体抗冲击韧性。通过试验得到：（1）不锈钢纤维网能有效提高胎体的抗冲击韧性，而且X轴位置效果更好；（2）当纤维网的目数相同时，胎体抗冲击韧性随纤维网层数的增加而减小；（3）在纤维网层数相同的情况下，随着纤维网目数的增加，胎体抗冲击韧性呈现先增大后减小的趋势。当添加30目单层纤维网时，胎体的抗冲击韧性达到最大值。通过观察冲击断口、分析胎体断裂机理，解释了出现这种规律的原因，并提出了进一步优化胎体抗冲击韧性的方法。  相似文献   

细粒含量对冰碛土抗剪强度影响的实验研究   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

蒋德旺  崔鹏  王姣  李战鲁  殷延洲  雷鸣宇 《冰川冻土》2019,41(1):129-139

为研究细粒组颗粒在浸水/降雨条件下产生迁移对冰碛土抗剪强度的影响，从西藏林芝市帕隆藏布嘎隆寺沟流域内采取冰碛土样品，进行7种不同细粒（粒径小于2 mm）含量情况下的冰碛土比重和相对密度的测试，开展了不同围压下的大型饱和固结不排水三轴（CU）实验。结果表明：（1）细粒含量对干密度的影响较小，不同细粒含量的冰碛土孔隙比大致相同，细颗粒对孔隙具有改造作用，不同细粒含量会引起孔隙结构的差异，从而导致冰碛土的结构差异，最终导致抗剪强度的不同；（2）细颗粒迁移导致冰碛堤坡脚和内部一定深度细粒含量较高，达到一定的量值时，抗剪强度明显降低，冰碛堤容易发生剪切破坏；（3）细粒含量对抗剪强度参数的变化具有重要影响，从中还可以反映出冰碛土结构控制的变化：粗颗粒控制→粗细颗粒共同控制→细颗粒控制。研究结果对于评价冰碛堤的稳定性具有重要意义。  相似文献   

时域反射仪（TDR）测定土壤含水量标定曲线评价与方案推荐     

徐玲玲  高彩虹  王佳铭  金会军  吴青柏  DYCK Miles  何海龙 《冰川冻土》2020,42(1):265-275

时域反射仪（Time Domain Reflectometry）可用于室内和田间快速、 准确、 自动测定土壤含水量， 是目前应用最广泛的土壤含水量测定方法之一。适宜的土壤含水量标定曲线（即土壤表观介电常数和土壤含水量之间的关系）是TDR准确测定土壤含水量的关键。目前文献中存在大量的土壤含水量标定曲线， 但尚未有研究对这些标定曲线进行系统的验证和分析评价。因此， 它们的准确性和适用范围尚不明晰， 严重影响到与土壤含水量测定相关的研究。通过查阅大量国内外文献， 收集整理了一系列土壤含水量标定曲线的经验公式（19个）和半经验半物理模型（5个）， 并利用大量的文献实测数据对其进行综合评价。同时运用均方根差（RMSE）， 平均误差（AD）， 纳什效率系数（NSE）等三个指标对比分析和评价这些标定曲线的准确性和可靠性。研究结果表明： 经验公式中Topp、 Roth（1992）2、 Jacobosen、 Yoshikawa2、 Alharathi模型和半经验模型中Malicki1公式及其修订模型综合性能较好。研究成果可为利用TDR准确测定土壤含水量及土壤含水量标定曲线的选择提供参考和指导。  相似文献   

土石混合体分形几何特征与强度演化特征     

曾晋 《地质与勘探》2020,56(3):590-596

针对土石混合体的结构性特点,以含石量为20%、30%、40%、50%、60%的土石混合体为研究对象,基于多重分形原理研究多重分形特征,研究分形维数与强度之间的关系。研究表明,土石混合体具有双重分形特征,不同尺度条件下具有不同分形指标,包括块石粒度、土体粒度以及平均粒度等分形维数,与含石量相关。单轴压缩试验表明,抗压强度随含石量增加呈现先增大后减小的趋势,根据单维分形特征,确定最优含石量约为40%。建立了含石量、不同分形维数指标与抗压强度之间的关系,分析了双重因素综合影响下抗压强度的变化特征,确定了含石量与分形维数之间存在最优区域。  相似文献   

Study on Multi-Parameter Seismic Observation Technique Based on Optic Fiber Sensing     

Wenzhu Huang  Wentao Zhang  Fang Li 《地球科学进展》2019,34(4):424-432

”Deep well, wide band, multi-component comprehensive observation” is the development direction of seismic observation. In order to promote the application and development of underground integrated observation system, key technologies, such as high temperature resistance sensor, interference isolation of sensor unit and miniaturization of instrument, need to be developed. Optic fiber sensors have the advantages of small size, passive nature, resistance to electromagnetic interference, being easy to long distance transmission and multi-parametric network observation, which are expected to provide new technology for the comprehensive observation of multi-parameter earthquakes in deep wells. This paper proposed a comprehensive observation technique of seismic wave, crustal deformation and temperature. An integrated borehole seismic sensor based on fiber Bragg grating resonators was designed for measuring three-component earthquake, three-component crustal deformation and temperature signal. A new technique for simultaneous measurement of multi-parameters of temperature and strain of fiber based on effective cavity length was presented. The technique of high precision optical fiber signal demodulation based on single side band sweep laser and the design of multi-parameter integrated optical fiber probe were introduced. The resolution of strain and temperature measurement of the fiber multi-parameter sensor system reached 4.7 \times 10^-10 and 6×10^-5 ℃ , respectively. A comprehensive multi-parameter earthquake observation experiment was carried out at the seismic station. The results show that the integrated optical fiber multi-parameter seismic observation system can simultaneously record the earth tide signal, seismic wave signal and environmental temperature disturbance, and has good anti-environmental interference ability and long-term stability, which is expected to provide a new technique for crustal deformation observation.  相似文献   

Calibration method affects the measured δ2H and δ18O in soil water by direct H2Oliquid–H2Ovapour equilibration with laser spectroscopy     

Hongxiu Wang  Bingcheng Si  Dyan Pratt  Han Li  Xiaojun Ma 《水文研究》2020,34(2):506-516

The direct H₂O_liquid–H₂O_vapour equilibration method utilizing laser spectroscopy (DVE-LS) is a way to measure soil pore water stable isotopes. Various equilibration times and calibration methods have been used in DVE-LS. Yet little is known about their effects on the accuracy of the obtained isotope values. The objective of this study was to evaluate how equilibration time and calibration methods affect the accuracy of DVE-LS. We did both spiking and field soil experiments. For the spiking experiment, we applied DVE-LS to four soils of different textures, each of which was subjected to five water contents and six equilibration times. For the field soil experiment, we applied three calibration methods for DVE-LS to two field soil profiles, and the results were compared with cryogenic vacuum distillation (CVD)-LS. Results showed that DVE-LS demonstrated higher δ²H and δ¹⁸O as equilibration time increased, but 12 to 24 hr could be used as optimal equilibration time. For field soil samples, DVE-LS with liquid waters as standards led to significantly higher δ²H and δ¹⁸O than CVD-LS, with root mean square error (RMSE) of 8.06‰ for δ²H and 0.98‰ for δ¹⁸O. Calibration with soil texture reduced RMSE to 3.53‰ and 0.72‰ for δ²H and δ¹⁸O, respectively. Further, calibration with both soil texture and water content decreased RMSE to 3.10‰ for δ²H and 0.73‰ for δ¹⁸O. Our findings conclude that the calibration method applied may affect the measured soil water isotope values from DVE-LS.  相似文献   

基于纤维梁柱单元的桥梁墩柱地震反应模拟方法研究          下载免费PDF全文

赵泰儀  孙治国  石岩  郭迅 《世界地震工程》2019,35(1):117-127

为讨论利用纤维梁柱单元进行钢筋混凝土桥墩地震反应分析的建模方法，分别以4个悬臂式单柱墩和1个双柱墩拟静力加载试验，以及1个悬臂式单柱墩的振动台试验结果为依据，基于OpenSees数值分析平台建立了桥墩的地震反应分析模型。通过改变单元数量，分析了基于力的纤维梁柱单元和基于位移的纤维梁柱单元对桥墩地震反应的模拟精度。结果表明:对悬臂式单柱墩的拟静力和振动台试验，可沿墩高仅建立1个基于力的纤维梁柱单元，并在墩底串联1个考虑纵筋塑性渗透和粘结滑移的转动弹簧单元，即可获得很好的模拟结果。当采用基于位移的纤维梁柱单元时，应沿墩高至少建立2个单元，且塑性铰区至少有1个，才能保证获得较高的模拟精度。对双柱墩拟静力试验，采用基于力的纤维梁柱单元建模，沿每个墩高建立2个单元即可；以基于位移的纤维梁柱单元建模，建议沿每个墩高建立3个单元，且其中2个单元布置在塑性铰区。当数值模型可对静力滞回曲线取得很好的模拟结果后，该模型一般可对动力作用下墩顶最大位移和墩底最大剪力进行较为准确的模拟，但对墩顶残余位移的模拟精度无法保证。  相似文献