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1.
梁文栋  胡修棉 《地质学报》2023,97(9):2975-2991
现代河流沉积物忠实地记录了流域盆地内的母岩、风化、搬运和沉积过程中的化学、物理过程以及人类活动的改造作用,是探索和验证源- 汇系统等理论的重要媒介。本文以全球现代河流砂组分数据库为基础,总结了碎屑组分、重矿物组分在不同大陆的分布特征,探讨了其在物源识别、源区贡献率计算、沉积物产生及搬运过程中气候- 构造等影响因素的评估、对源- 汇系统的研究启示等方面的应用。今后建议加强基于大数据的沉积物组分对气候- 构造- 人类活动的响应、沉积物产生及通量、高时间分辨率的沉积物组分变异性、不同物源定量化方法的差异等方面的研究。  相似文献   
2.
This study presents a meta-analysis of radiocarbon ages for the environs of Göbekli Tepe – one of the oldest monumental structures worldwide – using cumulative probability functions to diachronically assess phases of geomorphodynamic activity as controlled by natural or anthropogenic drivers. We employ sediment cascades as a heuristic framework to study the complex responses of the geomorphological system to various triggers at local to supra-regional scales. Possible triggers include climatic variability as documented by supra-regional hydroclimatic proxy data, regional demographic trends, and local to regional socioeconomic developments such as the emergence of sedentism or the introduction and dispersal of livestock herding. Our results show that phases of intensified geomorphodynamic activity occurred between ca. 7.4–7.0 and 5.8–3.3 ka BP. These phases roughly coincide with phases of population growth in southern Turkey and climatic variations in Turkey and the Levant. The phase between ca. 5.8–3.3 ka BP also corresponds to the time when organized agriculture and the seeder plough were introduced. Also, the identified phases are in agreement with the general trend of varying geomorphodynamic activity in the Eastern Mediterranean as driven by human impact and climatic change. However, neither the Younger Dryas–Holocene transition nor the development of herding during the Pre-Pottery Neolithic left a clear signature. We demonstrate how the different depositional environments in the studied landscape compartments vary with respect to their spatiotemporal coverage and discuss challenges when trying to understand processes that once shaped landscapes of past societies. © 2020 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd  相似文献   
3.
ABSTRACT

Information on urban settlements is crucial for sustainability planning and management. While remote sensing has been used to derive such information, its applicability can be compromised due to the complexity in the urban environment. In this study, we developed a remote sensing method to map land cover types in a large Latin-American city, which is well known for its mushrooming unplanned and informal settlements. After carefully considering the landscape complexity there, we designed a data fusion method combining multispectral imagery and non-spectral data for urban and land mapping. Specifically, we acquired a cloud-free Landsat-8 image and two non-spectral datasets, i.e., digital elevation models and road networks. Then, we implemented a set of experiments with different inputs to evaluate their merits in thematic mapping through a supervised protocol. We found that the map generated with the multispectral data alone had an overall accuracy of 73.3% but combining multispectral imagery and non-spectral data yielded a land cover map with 90.7% overall accuracy. Interestingly, the thermal infrared information helped substantially improve both the overall and categorical accuracies, particularly for the two urban classes. The two types of non-spectral data were critical in resolving several spectrally confused categories, thus considerably increasing the mapping accuracy. However, the panchromatic band with higher spatial resolution and its derived textural measurement only generated a marginal accuracy improvement. The novelties of our work are with the successful separation between the two major types of urban settlements in a complex environment using a carefully designed data fusion approach and the insight into the relative merits of the thermal infrared information and non-spectral data in helping resolve the issue of class ambiguity. These findings should be valuable in deriving accurate urban settlement information which can further advance the research on socio-ecological dynamics and urban sustainability.  相似文献   
4.
农村居民点作为乡村区域空间人口集聚形态的一种表现,是构成乡村聚落景观的一个重要部分,对其特征的分析研究对于推动城乡一体化建设和美丽乡村建设等政策的理论研究和实践开展和促进农村土地节约集约利用有重要意义。运用Ripley's K函数和ArcGIS 10.2中的核密度法来研究广东省揭阳市农村居民点的空间分布特征,建立河流和道路的缓冲区,从景观生态学的角度进一步分析影响居民点空间格局分布的因素,得出以下结论:(1)揭阳市农村居民点的空间分布格局属于集聚分布。(2)60%以上的农村居民点集中分布在由榕江、龙江和练江三大水系构成的河网体系周边。(3)农村居民点主要集聚在普宁、榕城、揭东、蓝城和空港经济区的县区范围。  相似文献   
5.
把握兵地聚落差异,以期为新疆兵地融合发展提供理论依据。基于土地利用数据,运用探 索式空间统计模型定量分析天山北坡兵地乡村聚落空间格局与经济发展差异,并基于其差异对其 融合发展提出相应对策。结果表明:(1)天山北坡兵团与地方乡村聚落在空间、规模、区位以及形 态分布特征上均呈现出明显的空间差异,乡村聚落空间整体上呈集聚分布模式,地方聚落集聚态 势较明显;聚落规模呈低值集聚的分布特征,兵团聚落大多为大规模聚落斑块,地方聚落则相反; 乡村聚落的分布具有明显的高程、坡度、道路、河流、城镇指向性,而兵团聚落分布于区位条件较差 地区;在乡村聚落的外部形态复杂度上,地方聚落大于兵团聚落;(2)经济发展方面,天山北坡整体 经济发展较为良好,兵团人均地区生产总值较高,以农业作为主要产业,地方经济结构较为多样, 除农业外,牧业也是其主要产业;(3)基于兵地聚落间差异,提出相应的融合对策,在空间格局上, 根据实际情况适当进行兵地聚落的迁移合并;在经济发展方面,有效利用优势互补原则,推进兵地 间产业融和。  相似文献   
6.
7.
基于自然与人文多重栅格数据,构建人居环境质量综合指数评价模型,分析2015年关中平原城市群人居环境的空间分异格局,并对人口分布与人居环境质量的协同性进行探讨。结果表明:(1)人居自然环境呈现出自东向西,由山地、高原向平原、谷地依次递减的空间分布格局,受地形影响最为明显,地形起伏度与人居自然环境呈负相关关系。(2)人居人文环境表现出平原低、山区高,城镇高于乡村的空间分布格局,受城市行政层级影响显著。(3)关中平原城市群人居环境综合质量指数介于0.216~0.716之间,呈现出以关中平原、汾河谷地向外梯级递减的带状空间分布格局。(4)关中平原城市群人口密度与人居环境质量空间分布显著一致,总体呈现出平原高于山地,城市高于乡村的空间分布规律,人居环境质量越高,人口密度越大,土地利用也越充分。  相似文献   
8.
In estuaries, the morphology of inland and offshore areas usually evolves synergistically. This study examines the decadal link between longitudinal changes in morphology of branching channels and movement of the offshore depo-center (where sediment deposition rate is maximum) of the Yangtze River estuary, under intense human interference. Integrated data analysis is provided on morphology, runoff discharge, and ebb partition ratio from 1950 to 2017. Channel-volume reductions and change rates between isobaths in branching channels reflect the impact of estuarine engineering projects. Ebb partition ratio and duration of discharge ≥ 60 000 m3 s-1 act as proxies for the water excavating force in branching channels and runoff intensity. It is found that deposition occurs in the lower/upper sub-reaches (or further downstream/upstream channels) of the inland north/south branching channels, and the offshore depo-center moves southward or southeastward, as runoff intensity grows; the reverse occurs as runoff intensity declines. This is because the horizontal circumfluence in the Yangtze estuary rotates clockwise as ebb partition ratios of the north/south branching channels increase/decrease for increasing runoff, and conversely rotates anticlockwise for decreasing runoff. Land reclamation activities, the Deepwater Channel Project, and the Qingcaosha Reservoir have impacted greatly on longitudinal changes of morphology in the North Branch and the South Passage and on ebb partition ratio variations in the North/South Channel and the North/South Passage. Dam-induced runoff flattening has enhanced deposition in the upper/lower sub-reaches of the north/south branching channels and caused northward movement of the offshore depo-center, except in areas affected by estuarine engineering projects. Dam-induced longitudinal evolution of branching channel morphology and offshore depo-center movement will likely persist in the future, given the ongoing construction of large cascade dams in the upper Yangtze and the completion of major projects in the Yangtze estuary. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   
9.
刘依然 《北京测绘》2020,(3):329-332
注册测绘师制度作为保证测绘成果质量、强化法律责任和全面贯彻落实《中华人民共和国测绘法》的重要举措,对测绘企业乃至测绘地理信息行业都有着深远影响。本文试从人力资源管理的角度进行解读,分析注册测绘师制度对人力资源规划、岗位设置和人力资源供求关系的影响,并结合自身的工作经验和所思所想提出了特定项目试点执业、建立信息共享平台和实行绩效管理等执业建议,以实现注册测绘师、测绘企业和测绘地理信息行业的协同发展。  相似文献   
10.
基于1960-2016年东平水道三水、紫洞、澜石、浮标厂月均潮差、余水位数据及三水、马口站月均流量数据,以1993年三水-马口分流比突变为切入口,探讨余水位坡度及潮波衰减率等径-潮动力改变下,东平水道水面线与余水位曲率的时空演变特征及其影响因素。结果表明:东平水道在1993年三水分流比剧增之后,1)余水位坡度或潮波衰减率与流量的双累积曲线斜率下降,即余水位坡度或潮波衰减率对流量的依赖性减弱;2)东平水道水面坡度整体下降且上游(紫洞-三水河段)降幅最大,不同季节坡度的变化率介于-67%~-4%,水面线由下凹转为上凸,即曲率由正转负。同时,曲率波动幅度明显减弱,1993年前曲率波动介于2×10-10~5.48×10-10,而1993年后波动介于-0.9×10-10~-0.07×10-10。上述曲率变化在冬季较夏季显著;3)上述水面线异变的主要原因为,东平水道中上游河道挖沙导致河床地形大幅下切、水位下降、来水量增大,且同时期的航道疏浚加剧这一变化;下游主要受滩涂围垦影响,河道淤浅。以上地形变化导致河道中游径、潮流量增大,径-潮双向顶托使水面线转变为上凸型。受北江上游飞来峡水库调蓄影响以及过水断面宽深比、海平面变化等季节性调节作用,东平水道冬季水面线及曲率变化较夏季显著。  相似文献   
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