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1.
Studies of recorded ground motions and simulations have shown that deep sedimentary basins can greatly increase the intensity of earthquake ground motions within a period range of approximately 1–4 s, but the economic impacts of basin effects are uncertain. This paper estimates key economic indicators of seismic performance, expressed in terms of earthquake‐induced repair costs, using empirical and simulated seismic hazard characterizations that account for the effects of basins. The methodology used is general, but the estimates are made for a series of eight‐ to 24‐story residential reinforced concrete shear wall archetype buildings in Seattle, WA, whose design neglects basin effects. All buildings are designed to comply with code‐minimum requirements (i.e., reference archetypes), as well as a series of design enhancements, which include (a) increasing design forces, (b) decreasing drift limits, and (c) a combination of these strategies. As an additional reference point, a performance‐based design is also assessed. The performance of the archetype buildings is evaluated for the seismic hazard level in Seattle according to the 2018 National Seismic Hazard Model (2018 NSHM), which explicitly considers basin effects. Inclusion of basin effects results in an average threefold increase in annualized losses for all archetypes. Incorporating physics‐based ground motion simulations to represent the large‐magnitude Cascadia subduction interface earthquake contribution to the hazard results in a further increase of 22% relative to the 2018 NSHM. The most effective of the design strategies considered combines a 25% increase in strength with a reduction in drift limits to 1.5%.  相似文献   
2.
本文以阿尔泰山两河源保护区采金废弃矿区为研究区,从地形、土壤、水分和地表植被4个方面出发,结合矿区现有条件,设置11种恢复措施,选取丰富度指数、优势度指数、多样性指数、均匀度指数、生物量、植被盖度、物种数及土石比等7个评价指标,采用主成分分析法,得出不同恢复措施的主成分得分及生态效益排名。结果表明,单一恢复措施,如推平、羊群驻扎、泥浆等基本上是从某一个方面来考虑生态恢复的,存在一定的缺陷,恢复效益排名比较靠后;多种措施相结合,不仅能改善土壤环境,也会引起植物群落多样性格局的变化,生态恢复效益很好;同一种恢复措施,施行年限越长恢复效果越好。  相似文献   
3.
Farmland abandonment is a global problem and considered one of the most important areas in land use change research. Farmland abandonment research currently focuses on understanding the factors that affect farmland abandonment and developing scientific models to simulate farmland abandonment. The study reviewed the natural and political factors driving farmland abandonment and summarized the main models for farmland abandonment simulation together with their advantages and disadvantages. We discuss the main ecological effects of farmland abandonment and propose farmland abandonment research directions. The study found that: (1) the influence of labor cost change and ageing labor force on farmland abandonment needs further investigation, (2) simulation models for farmland abandonment must include the decision-making mechanism of individual farmers and focus on macro large-scale abandonment prediction models, and (3) the influence of farmland abandonment on landscape culture must be investigated in detail.  相似文献   
4.
To investigate the tidal effects on intra-continental earthquake initiation in the Tibetan Plateau and its surrounding areas, we selected over 1,500 focal mechanism solutions of inland earthquakes (epicenter locates at least 100 km to the coastlines) from Global Centroid Moment Tensor (GCMT) project and analyzed the p-values of tidal normal and shear stress as well as tidal Coulomb failure stress. For Coulomb failure stress calculation, we used Coulomb 3.40 software. We find that: (1) p-values of tidal stress change suggests a high tidal correlation of earthquake imitations with tidal normal stress change; (2) when tidal normal stress reached the local maximum values of compression and when tidal shear stress were closed to the positive peaks, earthquakes generated more frequently; (3) particular seismogenic environments such as strong continental plate interactions and the existence of fluids or rheologic substance possibly raise the tidal correlations and (4) higher sensitivity of earthquake initiation to earth tide presents along with higher seismicity, suggesting the rate of rain energy accumulation somehow has a dominating effect on the tidal correlation of earthquake initiation.  相似文献   
5.
2016年5月15日清晨河西走廊东部发生区域性强霜冻天气,对农林业生产造成了2004年以来最为严重的灾害。本文利用实时MICAPS常规观测资料、物理量场和河西走廊东部区域内6个国家自动气象观测站和93个区域气象站观测资料,对这次冻害天气过程的天气学成因进行分析,在此基础上分析了霜冻对农业的影响。结果表明强冷空气爆发是造成冻害的直接原因;0 cm地面温度和气温≤0 ℃持续时间长,导致农林作物深度冻伤;前期气温偏高使得农林作物发育期提前,加之霜冻出现时间偏迟,农林作物抵抗冻害的能力明显下降,冻害影响加重;冻害发生后,温度急剧上升、湿度迅速减小,作物水分强烈蒸腾,作物细胞失去受损,导致受灾程度加重。  相似文献   
6.
以颗粒状和粉末状膨润土防水毯(GCLs)为对象,运用GDS(global digital systems)全自动渗透仪开展渗透试验,研究CaCl2溶液作用下GCLs渗透性能的温度效应,初步探讨其机理。试验表明:当水化液为0.05 mol/L的CaCl2溶液时,两种GCLs渗透系数随温度升高呈现增大趋势;当水化液为去离子水时,颗粒状GCL渗透系数随温度升高而减小,粉末状GCL渗透系数随温度升高而增大。去离子水情况下,膨润土吸附结合水量随温度升高而减小;CaCl2溶液作用下,吸附结合水量较去离子水情况大幅降低。当CaCl2溶液浓度一定时,膨润土膨胀指数随温度升高而略有增大;当温度一定时,膨润土膨胀指数随CaCl2溶液浓度升高而显著减小。以去离子水进行试验时:颗粒状和粉末状GCLs渗透系数随温度的变化主要影响因素为凝胶态蒙脱石数量,其次为流体黏滞系数和吸附结合水量;颗粒状GCLs膨润土孔隙结构越不均匀,凝胶态蒙脱石数量的影响就越显著,导致渗透系数随温度升高而减小、固有渗透率随温度升高显著降低。以CaCl2溶液进行试验时,两种GCLs渗透系数随温度变化的主要受流体黏滞系数和吸附结合水量的影响,而受凝胶态蒙脱石数量的影响较小。孔隙溶液性质、温度和膨润土类型均对GCLs的防渗性能具有重要影响。  相似文献   
7.
本文基于宾川气枪地震信号发射台激发的地震波信号,利用线性叠加和时频域相位加权叠加方法提高信噪比,通过反褶积、插值拟合和波形互相关等方法,获得2021年漾濞M;6.4地震前后气枪震源初至波信号走时变化特征.结果表明两种叠加方法得到的走时变化趋势基本一致,在沿发震断裂带附近的3个台站观测到的初至波走时延迟为7.3~14.4 ms,在射线路径上平均波速降低了0.08%~0.12%,距离震中位置较远的台站走时延迟为2~6 ms.分析认为,观测到的走时变化主要是漾濞M;6.4地震引起强地面运动造成浅层介质疏松、同震破裂导致震源区地下介质裂隙增加和地下流体侵入等共同作用造成,相关研究成果有助于加深和促进对此次地震震源物理过程的认识和了解.  相似文献   
8.
In stellar interferometers, the fast-steering mirror (FSM) is widely utilized to correct the wavefront tilt caused by the atmospheric turbulence and internal instrumental vibration, because of its high resolution and fast response frequency. In this study, the non-coplanar error between the FSM and the actuator deflection axis introduced by the manufacturing, assembly, and adjustment is analyzed systematically. Via a numerical method, the additional optical path difference (OPD) caused by the above factors is studied, and its effect on the fringe tracking accuracy of a stellar interferometer is also discussed. On the other hand, the starlight parallelism between the beams of two arms is one of the main factors for the loss of fringe visibility. By analyzing the influence of wavefront tilt caused by the atmospheric turbulence on fringe visibility, a simple and efficient real-time correction scheme of starlight parallelism is proposed based on a single array detector. The feasibility of this scheme is demonstrated by a laboratory experiment. The results show that after the correction of fast-steering mirror, the starlight parallelism meets preliminarily the requirement of a stellar interferometer on the wavefront tilt.  相似文献   
9.
在全球变化的背景下,定量区分人类活动和气候波动对干旱区植被的影响具有重要意义。采用多种统计学方法,分析了我国西北干旱区1990-2010年土地利用/覆被变化(LUCC)和1982-2010年归一化植被指数(NDVI)的时空变化特征,并定量评估了LUCC对NDVI变化的影响。结果表明:1990-2010年,西北干旱区耕地增加量最多,高达13 476 km2,其次是林地和水域,各地类增加的面积主要来自草地(12 590 km2)和未利用地(6 025 km2)。各土地类型变化速度快慢依次为:耕地 > 建设用地 > 水域 > 林地 > 草地 > 未利用地。2000-2010年,研究区土地利用程度综合指数(0.79)明显高于1990-2000年(0.23),表明近年来人类活动对土地利用变化的影响程度显著增强。1982-2010年,西北干旱区NDVI呈增加态势,但近年来(2002-2010年)NDVI略有下降。其中,1990-2000年,LUCC对西北干旱区NDVI总变化的贡献率较低,仅为2.9%;而1990-2010,LUCC的贡献率为26.7%,表明气候变化对植被指数变化的贡献率高达73.3%。  相似文献   
10.
Sediments produced from eroding cultivated land can cause on‐site and off‐site effects that cause considerable economic and social impacts. Despite the importance of soil conservation practices (SCP) for the control of soil erosion and improvements in soil hydrological functions, limited information is available regarding the effects of SCP on sediment yield (SY) at the catchment scale. This study aimed to investigate the long‐term relationships between SY and land use, soil management, and rainfall in a small catchment. To determine the effects of anthropogenic and climatic factors on SY, rainfall, streamflow, and suspended sediment concentration were monitored at 10‐min intervals for 14 years (2002–2016), and the land use and soil management changes were surveyed annually. Using a statistical procedure to separate the SY effects of climate, land use, and soil management, we observed pronounced temporal effects of land use and soil management changes on SY. During the first 2 years (2002–2004), the land was predominantly cultivated with tobacco under a traditional tillage system (no cover crops and ploughed soil) using animal traction. In that period, the SY reached approximately 400 t·km?2·year?1. From 2005 to 2009, a soil conservation programme introduced conservation tillage and winter cover crops in the catchment area, which lowered the SY to 50 t·km?2·year?1. In the final period (2010–2016), the SCP were partially abandoned by farmers, and reforested areas increased, resulting in an SY of 150 t·km?2·year?1. This study also discusses the factors associated with the failure to continue using SCP, including structural support and farmer attitudes.  相似文献   
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