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1.
地层水化学特征及流体成因的分析对油气成藏的研究具有重要意义,对库车坳陷克拉苏构造带的地层水化学特征及流体成因的研究有助于油气藏的勘探开发。塔里木盆地库车坳陷克拉苏构造带构造特征复杂,地层水化学特征及流体系统缺乏系统研究。为了明确克拉苏构造带地层水化学特征及其流体系统,对地层水的溶解性总固体(TDS)、离子比例系数及压力分布特征进行了分析。研究结果表明:克拉苏构造带地层水以高TDS的卤水为主(平均值为154.92 g/L),按照苏林分类主要为CaCl2型,按照舒卡列夫分类为Cl-Na型和Cl-Na·Ca型,为典型的沉积埋藏水。地层水的脱硫系数较低(平均值小于1.2)、变质系数较高(平均值大于6),表明地层的封闭性较好,地层水经历了较强的水岩反应。参照地层压力场、岩性特征及地层水特征,将库车凹陷克拉苏构造带划分为第四系—新近系、古近系、白垩系、侏罗系及下伏地层四套流体系统。结合研究区岩性组成、构造演化特征及地层水化学特征分析,明确了白垩系巴什基奇克组地层水的成因为白垩系原始沉积水与侏罗系烃源岩生烃时排出的有机物转化流体、沉积水及古近系膏盐层高盐度流体的混合。  相似文献   
2.
南海东北部深部地壳结构蕴含着南海陆缘伸展张裂过程的重要信息。在南海东北陆缘布设的一条广角地震测线(DP13)沿NW-SE方向依次穿过东沙隆起和台西南盆地。本文利用射线追踪和正演走时拟合软件RayInvr构建地壳纵波速度结构,模型表明:沉积层速度1.6~4.6 km/s,厚度0.5~3.8 km,横向分布不均匀,沉积基底起伏剧烈;莫霍面埋藏深度由陆架区的25.5 km急剧减小到陆坡下方的13 km,随后向下陆坡远端增深至16 km;陆架处东沙隆起下方地壳厚度从~25 km减薄到~21 km,下陆坡远端地壳厚约10~13 km,地壳拉张因子分别为1.3~1.5和2.6~3.1,表现为轻微和中等减薄;陆坡区台西南盆地内地壳厚度从17 km急剧减薄至7~8 km,地壳拉张因子高达4.6,呈超伸展减薄;地壳厚度由陆向海非单调减薄,地壳伸展具有明显的空间差异性;陆架-上陆坡和下陆坡下地壳底部发现两个相对孤立的不连续高速体,速度分别为7.0~7.5 km/s和7.0~7.3 km/s,厚度分别3~5 km和1~3 km,前者位于古太平洋俯冲带前缘,几乎与南海东北部高磁异常重叠,推测由中生代古太平洋板...  相似文献   
3.
北京时间2021年5月21日21时48分36秒,云南省大理州漾濞县发生MS 6.4地震。利用云南数字地震台网2021年5月18日至8月22日的震相报告,采用双差地震定位法,对漾濞MS 6.4地震序列进行重新定位。重新定位结果显示序列呈NW向优势分布,破裂长约20 km,宽约7 km,对重新定位结果进行误差分析,水平方向定位误差约为0.8 km,垂直方向定位误差约为1.0 km,定位结果具有较好的稳定性。依据震中分布的走向将序列划分为NW向的主断层与NNW向的分支断层,主断层存在较为明显的分段现象,分支断层呈雁列状分布。根据小震丛集性发生在大震断层面及其附近的原则,利用重新定位后的小震震源位置反演得到漾濞MS 6.4序列主断层走向约320°,倾角约89°,深度范围3~13 km。根据拟合得到的断层在地表的投影位置,推测本次地震的发震断层为维西-乔后断裂西侧的草坪断裂。基于断层滑动量分布识别出3个凹凸体,结合序列时空演化特征,分析了漾濞MS 6.4地震序列的破裂过程,结果显示断层中段的凹凸体发生初始破裂...  相似文献   
4.
崔岩  王彦飞 《地球物理学报》2022,65(3):1086-1095
目前瑞雷波多阶模式频散曲线反演中仅考虑数据的拟合,缺乏对模型的约束,不能很好地刻画地层间断面的问题,针对此问题,研究了瑞雷波多阶模式频散曲线稀疏正则化反演方法.正演模拟基于广义反射-透射系数法,数值计算上采用一种快速求根方法,与二等分方法相比,能够在很短的时间内达到最优的收敛效果;反演建模时采用L1范数正则化方法对模型进行稀疏性刻画,使反演结果更加符合地质实际;在反问题的数值实现上,针对稀疏正则化模型提出一种隐式迭代正则化算法,其迭代算子具有非膨胀特性,可以收敛到极小化问题的解.数值实验结果表明,新的反演方案具有计算效率高,模型"逐块"光滑的特性刻画好,对非高斯噪声鲁棒性强的特点.  相似文献   
5.
Upland river systems in the UK are predicted to be prone to the effects of increased flood magnitudes and frequency, driven by climate change. It is clear from recent events that some headwater catchments can be very sensitive to large floods, activating the full sediment system, with implications for flood risk management further down the catchment. We provide a 15-year record of detailed morphological change on a 500-m reach of upland gravel-bed river, focusing upon the geomorphic response to an extreme event in 2007, and the recovery in the decade following. Through novel application of two-dimensional (2D) hydrodynamic modelling we evaluate the different energy states of pre- and post-flood morphologies of the river reach, exploring how energy state adjusts with recovery following the event. Following the 2007 flood, morphological adjustments resulted in changes to the shear stress population over the reach, resulting in higher shear stresses. Although the proportion of shear stresses in excess of those experienced using the pre-flood digital elevation model (DEM) varied over the recovery period, they remained substantially in excess of those experienced pre-2007, suggesting that there is still potential for enhanced bedload transport and morphological adjustment within the reach. Although volumetric change calculated from DEM differencing does indicate a reduction in erosion and deposition volumes in the decade following the flood, we argue that the system still has not fully recovered to the pre-flood state. We further argue that Thinhope Burn, and other similarly impacted catchments in upland environments, may not recover under the wet climatic phase currently being experienced. Hence systems like Thinhope Burn will continue to deliver large volumes of sediment further down river catchments, providing new challenges for flood risk management into the future.  相似文献   
6.
Large areas of Europe, especially in the Alps, are covered by carbonate rocks and in many alpine regions, karst springs are important sources for drinking water supply. Because of their high variability and heterogeneity, the understanding of the hydrogeological functioning of karst aquifers is of particular importance for their protection and utilisation. Climate change and heavy rainfall events are major challenges in managing alpine karst aquifers which possess an enormous potential for future drinking water supply. In this study, we present research from a high-alpine karst system in the UNESCO Biosphere Reserve Großes Walsertal in Austria, which has a clearly defined catchment and is drained by only one spring system. Results show that (a) the investigated system is a highly dynamic karst aquifer with distinct reactions to rainfall events in discharge and electrical conductivity; (b) the estimated transient atmospheric CO2 sink is about 270 t/a; (c) the calculated carbonate rock denudation rate is between 23 and 47 mm/1000a and (d) the rainfall-discharge behaviour and the internal flow dynamics can be successfully simulated using the modelling package KarstMod. The modelling results indicate the relevance of matrix storage in determining the discharge behaviour of the spring, particularly during low-flow periods. This research and the consequent results can contribute and initiate a better understanding and management of alpine karst aquifers considering climate change with more heavy rainfall events and also longer dry periods.  相似文献   
7.
We report the complex spatial and temporal dynamics of hyporheic exchange flows (HEFs) and nitrogen exchange in an upwelling reach of a 200 m groundwater-fed river. We show how research combining hydrological measurement, geophysics and isotopes, together with nutrient speciation techniques provides insight on nitrogen pathways and transformations that could not have been captured otherwise, including a zone of vertical preferential discharge of nitrate from deeper groundwater, and a zone of rapid denitrification linking the floodplain with the riverbed. Nitrate attenuation in the reach is dominated by denitrification but is spatially highly variable. This variability is driven by groundwater flow pathways and landscape setting, which influences hyporheic flow, residence time and nitrate removal. We observed the spatial connectivity of the river to the riparian zone is important because zones of horizontal preferential discharge supply organic matter from the floodplain and create anoxic riverbed conditions with overlapping zones of nitrification potential and denitrification activity that peaked 10–20 cm below the riverbed. Our data also show that temporal variability in water pathways in the reach is driven by changes in stage of the order of tens of centimetres and by strength of water flux, which may influence the depth of delivery of dissolved organic carbon. The temporal variability is sensitive to changes to river flows under UK climate projections that anticipate a 14%–15% increase in regional median winter rainfall and a 14%–19% reduction in summer rainfall. Superimposed on seasonal projections is more intensive storm activity that will likely lead to a more dynamic and inherently complex (hydrologically and biogeochemically) hyporheic zone. We recorded direct evidence of suppression of upwelling groundwater (flow reversal) during rainfall events. Such flow reversal may fuel riverbed sediments whereby delivery of organic carbon to depth, and higher denitrification rates in HEFs might act in concert to make nitrate removal in the riverbed more efficient.  相似文献   
8.
【目的】针对跑道池光生物反应器光照比表面积小、产率低、耗水量大等问题,设计一种新型薄层自流式光生物反应器。【方法】使用Solidworks软件进行三维建模设计,建立该新型反应器的微藻培养系统,并与跑道池光生物反应器进行微藻培养中试对比评价试验;建造一套薄层自流式反应器的微藻大规模培养系统,并以同株栅藻(Scenedesmus sp.)为培养藻种,进行4批次的培养试验,评价该反应器的微藻培养效果。【结果】所设计薄层自流式反应器光径减小,光照比表面积,藻液混合程度提高;中试试验结果表明,薄层自流式反应器中栅藻的生长速率明显高于同期跑道池光生物反应器,生物质浓度显著高于跑道池反应器,单位面积产率(每天单位占地面积的产量)升高13%,薄层式反应器的耗水量约低于跑道池反应器6倍。大规模培养试验表明,薄层自流式反应器的微藻生物质产率明显高于跑道池反应器,微藻生物质产率单日高达0.86 g·L-1·d-1,占地面积产率达43.5 g·m-2·d-1,最终生物质浓度达2.31 g·L-1,远高于跑道池光生物反应器最高生物质质量浓度(约0.01~0.6 g·L-1)。【结论】薄层自流式光生物反应器一定程度上克服了跑道池光生物反应器的缺点,收获微藻的生物质产率和浓度高。  相似文献   
9.
On the basis of the previous regional geological survey, based on the macroscopic and microscopic structural survey, combined with the comprehensive analysis of the regional magmatic activity and dating data, the authors in this paper revealed that there is another metamorphic core complex structure in Lizifang area of Southern Liaoning, namely Lizifang metamorphic core complex. A typical three-layer structure and five parts exist in the core complex, which are the footwall composed of Neo-archean metamorphic plutonic rocks and mesozoic granite intrusive rocks, the detachment fault zone composed of different levels of tectonic rocks, and the upper plate composed of Precambrian sedimentary cap and Cretaceous extensional basin. Lizifang metamorphic core complex formed in the Early Cretaceous Epoch, and the upper plate moved from NWW to SEE relaive to the footwall, which was similar with Jinzhou metamorphic core complex and Wanfu metamorphic core complex in geometry, kinematics polarity and formation time, indicating the same dynamic background. The determination of the metamorphic core complex may provide a basis for the late Mesozoic lithospheric thinning process and the mechanical and rheological properties of the lithosphere in the east of North China Craton. At the same time, the metamorphic core complex is closely related to the mineralization of gold deposits. So the detachment fault zone of Lizifang metamorphic core complex can serve as the key work area for further gold exploration, which may possess large mineralization potential.  相似文献   
10.
Soil resources in parts of Tanzania are rapidly being depleted by increased rates of soil erosion and downstream sediment transport, threatening ecosystem health, water and livelihood security in the region. However, incomplete understanding to what effect the dynamics of soil erosion and sediment transport are responding to land-use changes and climatic variability are hindering the actions needed to future-proof Tanzanian land-use practices. Complementary environmental diagnostic tools were applied to reconstruct the rates and sources of sedimentation over time in three Tanzanian river systems that have experienced changing land use and climatic conditions. Detailed historical analysis of sediment deposits revealed drastic changes in sediment yield and source contributions. Quantitative sedimentation reconstruction using radionuclide dating showed a 20-fold increase in sediment yield over the past 120 years. The observed dramatic increase in sediment yield is most likely driven by increasing land-use pressures. Deforestation, cropland expansion and increasing grazing pressures resulted into accelerating rates of sheet erosion. A regime shift after years of progressive soil degradation and convergence of surface flows resulted into a highly incised landscape, where high amounts of eroded soil from throughout the catchment are rapidly transported downstream by strongly connected ephemeral drainage networks. By integrating complementary spatial and temporal evidence bases, this study demonstrated links between land-use change, increased soil erosion and downstream sedimentation. Such evidence can guide stakeholders and policy makers in the design of targeted management interventions to safeguard future soil health and water quality.  相似文献   
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