Riverine large wood and recreation safety: A framework to discretize and contextualize hazard     

Will Conley  Natalie Kramer 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2020,45(9):2201-2216

The importance of large wood (LW) to riverine functions is well established scientifically and increasingly recognized by river managers in many countries. However, public perceptions largely associate LW with elevated danger and/or need for intervention. Such perspectives are amplified amongst recreational river users (defined here as any individuals that recreate by floating on the water surface of a river) who interact more directly with rivers than the general public and commonly view wood in life-or-death terms. Given that human life occupies a highest-order charge for river managers, they are left in a difficult position when safety appears to conflict with environmental services. LW deficits are perpetuated partly because wood removal, often in the name of safety, is far easier than placing wood in rivers. Further, river restoration practitioners are frequently burdened with expectations and liability unparalleled in built environments. A fundamentally different mindset is necessary to achieve desired ecologic outcomes when working with rivers. Based on two decades of experience as boaters, LW practitioners, and emergency responders, we (1) discuss LW hazard and risk from recreational and management viewpoints, (2) discretize objective and measurable physical properties of LW hazards, and (3) propose a decision framework that implicitly addresses risk by considering LW hazards relative to river use and ambient hazards. The approach is structured to increase objectivity in LW hazard mitigation and diminish asymmetric biases that favor LW removal. Our intent is to build understanding and rational flexibility among risk-averse management, regulatory, and funding entities to facilitate implementation of scientific understanding without undue risk to river users. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Identification of factors influencing hydrologic model performance using a top-down approach in a large number of U.S. catchments     

Carolina Massmann 《水文研究》2020,34(1):4-20

Investigating the performance that can be achieved with different hydrological models across catchments with varying characteristics is a requirement for identifying an adequate model for any catchment, gauged or ungauged, just based on information about its climate and catchment properties. As parameter uncertainty increases with the number of model parameters, it is important not only to identify a model achieving good results but also to aim at the simplest model still able to provide acceptable results. The main objective of this study is to identify the climate and catchment properties determining the minimal required complexity of a hydrological model. As previous studies indicate that the required model complexity varies with the temporal scale, the study considers the performance at the daily, monthly, and annual timescales. In agreement with previous studies, the results show that catchments located in arid areas tend to be more difficult to model. They therefore require more complex models for achieving an acceptable performance. For determining which other factors influence model performance, an analysis was carried out for four catchment groups (snowy, arid, and eastern and western catchments). The results show that the baseflow and aridity indices are the most consistent predictors of model performance across catchment groups and timescales. Both properties are negatively correlated with model performance. Other relevant predictors are the fraction of snow in the annual precipitation (negative correlation with model performance), soil depth (negative correlation with model performance), and some other soil properties. It was observed that the sign of the correlation between the catchment characteristics and model performance varies between clusters in some cases, stressing the difficulties encountered in large sample analyses. Regarding the impact of the timescale, the study confirmed previous results indicating that more complex models are needed for shorter timescales.  相似文献   

Early Identification of the Jiangdingya Landslide of Zhouqu Based on SBAS-InSAR Technology   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

YU Haihu  CAI Guolin  GAN Quan  SHEN Dong 《中国地震研究》2020,34(4):510-522

SBAS-InSAR technology is characterized by the advantages of reducing the influence of terrain-simulation error, time-space decorrelation, atmospheric error, thereby improving the reliability of surface-deformation monitoring. This paper studies the early landslide identification method based on SBAS-InSAR technology. Selecting the Jiangdingya landslide area in Zhouqu County, Gansu Province as the research area, 84 ascending-orbit Sentinel-1A SAR images from 2015 to 2019 are collected. In addition, using SBAS-InSAR technology, the rate and time-series results of surface deformation of the landslide area in Jiangdingya during this period are extracted, and potential landslides are identified. The results show that the early landslide identification method based on SBAS-InSAR technology is highly feasible and is a better tool for identifying potential landslides in large areas.  相似文献   

无人机技术在海岛测绘中的应用     

李雪瑞  魏征  田松  李明杰 《测绘通报》2020,(1):150-153

为提高海岛测绘的技术手段，将无人机引入海岛地形调查中，以Swallow-P小型固定翼无人机开展惠州市大亚湾虎洲海岛大比例尺测图为例，系统归纳了无人机外业数据采集与内业数据处理的具体流程，并制作了DEM和DOM成果；经过实测地面点精度分析得出虎洲无人机大比例尺测图成果平面位置中误差和高程中误差符合1∶1000测图精度要求。  相似文献   

黄土山区煤层群分层开采地表位移规律分析     

沈宇恒 《北京测绘》2020,(4):490-494

为了研究黄土山区地形对煤层群开采地表位移的影响,以榆林某矿为地质原型,利用数值软件模拟地表为近水平、正坡、负坡、凸面和凹面五种地形条件下煤层群开采。结果表明:黄土山区地形的变化,对煤层群开采顶板垂直应力影响不明显,对地表位移影响较大;单向坡开采,斜坡滑移引起的下沉量在坡顶与开采沉陷量形成“叠加”,在坡底形成“抵消”;在组合坡中,煤层群开采地表位移量相差很大,说明在变坡点附近地表位移较为复杂。  相似文献   

陇中黄土高原丘陵沟壑区不同植被恢复模式下次降雨产流产沙特征   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

朱燕琴  赵志斌  齐广平  康燕霞  赵霞 《干旱区地理》2020,43(4):920-927

基于甘肃省清水县汤峪河径流小区2015—2017年的观测数据,研究不同植被恢复模式条件下坡面次降雨入渗、产流产沙特征。结果表明：不同植被恢复模式条件下的土壤入渗量与降雨强度呈二次函数关系,存在入渗量达到最大值的临界降雨强度。入渗速率与降雨历时可以用幂函数关系表达,符合考斯恰可夫入渗模型。不同植被恢复模式条件下的产流率在0.003 3~0.003 6 mm·min^-1之间,相对裸地的减流率为54%~58%。产流率与降雨强度之间呈二次函数关系（R²>0.88）,产流率的主要影响因素是降雨强度。径流含沙量平均值乔灌混合区（3.13 g·L^-1）>灌木林（2.95 g·L^-1）>乔木林（2.79 g·L^-1）>草地（2.58 g·L^-1）,径流含沙量与降雨强度呈线性递增函数关系。裸地的产沙量显著高于各植被小区（P<0.05）,是各植被小区的43~57倍,各植被小区的减沙率在93%~94%之间,减沙效益高于其减流效益。各植被坡面土壤流失量与降雨侵蚀力呈线性递增函数关系;产流率与侵蚀产沙率之间呈极显著正相关关系（P<0.01）,二者间可采用二次函数关系表达。本研究成果可为黄土高原丘陵沟壑区水土保持优化配置提供理论依据。  相似文献   

科尔沁湿草甸参考作物蒸散发模拟分析     

李霞  刘廷玺  段利民  王冠丽  童新  周亚军  杨晓君 《中国沙漠》2020,40(2):134-143

为探明气候变化下干旱半干旱地区湿草甸参考作物蒸散发(ET₀)影响因子,使用FAO 56 P-M模型对科尔沁湿草甸ET₀进行模拟,利用涡度相关系统对模型的适用性进行评价,并通过通径分析及指标敏感性分析对ET₀的影响因子进行辨识。结果表明:(1)小时尺度模拟精度最高,日尺度次之,月尺度较差,小时尺度上晴、阴、雨3种天气条件下模拟效果不同,晴天最优,阴雨天较差。(2)ET₀年内变化呈单峰曲线状,生长季明显高于非生长季,集中在3—10月,占全年89.79%。生长季典型晴天ET₀逐小时分布特征遵循倒“U”单峰型变化规律。(3)通径分析结果显示,对ET₀的通径系数以及对回归方程估测可靠程度E的总贡献均表现为VPD(饱和水汽压差) > T_min(最低气温) > R_n(冠层表面净辐射)>u₂(2 m高度风速),即VPD为影响ET₀最重要的因子;指标敏感性分析中,在去除VPD后引起的E变化最大,说明ET₀对VPD的变化最为敏感,其次为u₂、T_min和R_n。  相似文献   

大连贺家圈黄土粒度所指示的物源特征     

郑树森  李永化  魏东岚 《云南地理环境研究》2020,(1):41-47

基于大连长兴岛的一套完整的晚更新世黄土剖面(贺家圈剖面),应用端元分析模型,对所采集的21个沉积样品的粒度数据进行分析。结论认为:从贺家圈剖面沉积物粒级组分中可以分离出3个代表不同沉积动力以及改造作用的沉积端元组分。并结合地球化学元素的对比分析,初步认为:端元1可能代表了剖面原始的粒度沉积组分,主峰为近源沉积,次峰为远源沉积;端元2可能代表了沉积物在沉积之后受到的淋溶作用和残积作用;端元3可能代表的是沉积物沉积之后受到的化学风化作用。  相似文献   

“一带一路”背景下的中国与巴基斯坦的贸易关系演进及其影响因素     

宋周莺  祝巧玲 《地理科学进展》2020,39(11):1785-1797

中巴经济走廊是“一带一路”6大经济走廊之一,而贸易畅通是“一带一路”建设的核心环节。研究中巴贸易关系演变及其影响因素、分析其贸易潜力,对推进“一带一路”建设具有重要的示范作用。论文从中巴贸易发展态势、商品结构、空间格局等方面揭示中巴贸易关系,运用随机前沿引力模型分析中巴贸易关系的主要影响因素、并探析其发展潜力,以期为推进中巴经济走廊建设提供科学支撑。研究发现：① 中巴贸易发展迅速,中对巴贸易顺差持续扩大;中国主要出口机械及电气设备等资本密集型产品,主要进口纺织原料及纺织制品等初级产品和劳动密集型产品。② 中国各省份与巴基斯坦的贸易合作存在明显的空间差异,东部沿海省份与巴贸易联系较紧密,西部各省份除新疆外与巴基斯坦贸易额均较小。③ 中国多数省份对巴贸易商品结构发生显著变动,其中,新疆、山东等进出口商品结构多元的省份的变动相对较小。④ 中国各省份的经济发展水平和市场规模对中巴贸易拉动较强;海运距离对中巴贸易规模有显著的负向影响;领土接壤为中巴组织边境贸易提供了良好条件;铁路和水运口岸的建设对中巴贸易具有积极影响。⑤ 中国各省份与巴基斯坦均有较大贸易潜力,内蒙古、云南、广西、陕西等省份的合作潜力更明显。  相似文献   

Correspondence between the large volcanic eruptions and ENSO events over AD 1525–2000     

Fang  Xiuqi  Zheng  Xue  Zhang  Xing 《地理学报(英文版)》2020,30(1):103-118

ENSO is an interannual mode which may be affected by external forcing, such as volcanic eruptions. Based on the reconstructed volcanic eruptions chronology and ENSO sequences, both 195 large volcanic eruptions(VEI≥4) and 398 ENSO(El Ni?o and La Ni?a) events were extracted from 1525 to 2000. An analysis of the correspondence between the large volcanic eruptions and ENSO events was performed by matching the large volcanic eruptions with the types and magnitudes of ENSO events present in the 0–2 years after the eruptions. The results show the following:(1) The percentages of ENSO events within the 3 years after the large eruptions had increased to 68.3% from 31.7% compared with those with no-eruptions in the previous 0–2 years. In addition, the ratio of El Ni?o to La Ni?a events turned from 2:3 to 1:1, and more El Ni?o events occurred in the 0 year after eruptions in the low-latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere and in the tropics but more La Ni?a events occurred in the 0 year after in the high-latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere and the Southern Hemisphere.(2) After the eruptions, the weak(W) El Ni?o events had increased by 8 percentage points and the very strong(VS) El Ni?o events had decreased by 10 percentage points; conversely, there was a decrease by 15 percentage points of the weak La Ni?a events and an increase by 11.4 percentage points of the very strong La Ni?a events. Specifically, the percentages of strong La Ni?a events increased to a peak at 1(+1) year after the eruptions.(3) The percentage of eruptions followed by single-year ENSO was the greatest. The percentage of ENSO events that occurred in the consecutive 2 years following an eruption was approximately equal to the percentage of events that occurred consecutively 3 years following an eruption, and both sets of ENSO magnitudes showed a decreasing trend.  相似文献