景电灌区移民对祁连山植被恢复的相对生态价值          下载免费PDF全文

赵建林  康德奎  彭维恩  王建礼  史中兴  陈天顺  董志洋  汪杰  常兆丰 《干旱区地理》2020,43(1):182-189

近些年来，生态系统的服务价值研究已成为生态学以及生态经济学领域中的一个热点问题。祁连山被称为伸进西北干旱区的一座湿岛，在我国“一带一路”建设中占有重要地位。景电灌区兴建以来从祁连山移出了大量农牧民。那么，景电灌区移民对祁连山植被恢复的生态价值如何呢？以景电灌区移民涉及到的祁连山东端景泰、古浪、天祝3县山区为研究区，用价值工程方法对从祁连山区向景电灌区移民退耕退牧还林还草的生态价值做了分析，并与模型因子当量法的计算结果进行了比较。结果表明：祁连山向景电灌区移民退耕退牧还林还草总的生态价值为37.458 1×10⁸元。其中，退耕还林还草的生态价值为37.438 6×0⁸元，退牧后草场植被盖度增加的生态价值为194.79×104元。计算结果为用COSTANZA和谢高地模型因子当量法计算得的祁连山向景电灌区移民退耕退牧还林还草总的生态服务价值40.054 0×0⁸元的93.52%。两种方法计算结果祁连山向景电灌区移民退耕退牧还林还草总的生态价值为景电工程年总成本1.45×0⁸元的25.8~27.6倍。两种计算结果一致表明，景电灌区生态移民对祁连山植被恢复的生态价值十分突出。由此也可以看出，COSTANZA和谢高地模型因子当量法适用于祁连山的生态服务价值分析。  相似文献   

高效钻杆润滑脂研制及其在川藏铁路勘察中的应用          下载免费PDF全文

熊正强  陶士先  张德龙  邹志飞 《探矿工程》2020,47(11):7-11

针对地质钻探深孔或水平孔失返性漏失时钻具磨损及钻进效率低的问题，以白油、钠基稠化剂与粘结性材料等为原料，采用一步法研制了一种高效钻杆润滑脂，并在川藏铁路昌都段定测勘察水平孔现场应用中取得显著效果，有力支撑服务了川藏铁路大位移水平孔施工。室内评价及现场应用结果表明，该润滑脂具有耐低温（-16 ℃）、易涂抹、良好的粘附性与润滑性以及高性价比特点，能长时间保护钻具，而且其润滑效果与国外同类产品相当。  相似文献   

基于高导热材料填充漏失构造的深井换热器性能分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

卜宪标  蒋坤卿  李华山  王令宝 《地质学报》2020,94(7):2139-2146

地热供暖可有效缓解北方雾霾天气。干热岩虽然储量丰富，但增强型地热技术由于开发费用较高，裂隙控制以及避免诱发地震的技术尚不成熟，现阶段还不能商业化应用。水热型地热开发技术虽较成熟，但受资源条件的限制，开发规模较小。对于大多地区，受地质构造和资源禀赋的控制，单井产水量较低或者回灌难，开发经济效益较差。深井换热器（DBHE）技术是开采地热水低产区或回灌难地区热能的有效方式，但受制于岩石导热系数低，单井输出功率小，投资回收期长。为提高DBHE的输出功率，本文提出了增强型深井换热器（EDBHE），通过主动将高导热性能的复合填充剂流进漏失构造的方式提高岩石的导热性能，通过调节回压、密度和黏度来控制漏失量。研究结果表明，单井EDBHE十个采暖季的平均取热功率为1002. 34 kW，是DBHE(424. 45 kW)的2. 36倍。而双井EDBHE十个采暖季的平均取热功率更是达到了27501. 61 kW，且热输出稳定，每年的衰减率0. 95%。EDBHE技术有效利用了出水量低或回灌难的水热型热储，大幅提高了其出力，扩大了地热供暖的应用范围。  相似文献   

Estimating soil loss of given return period by USLE-M-type models     

Vincenzo Pampalone  Vito Ferro 《水文研究》2020,34(11):2324-2336

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How soil texture,channel shape and cross-sectional area affect moisture dynamics and water loss in irrigation channels     

Zhifan Mu  Tianxiao Li  Dong Liu  Qiang Fu  Renjie Hou  Qinglin Li  Yi Ji  Song Cui  Mo Li 《水文研究》2021,35(4):e14155

To enhance the utilization efficiency of farmland irrigation water and reduce the leakage of water conveyance channels, the leakage process of channels was simulated dynamically. The simulated results were compared with data measured in laboratory experiments, and the performance of the model was evaluated. The results indicated that the simulated values of the model were consistent with the observation values, and the R² values varied between 0.91 and 0.99. In addition, based on the laboratory experiments, a water supply system (Mariotte bottles) and soil box were built using plexiglass. Three influencing factors, namely, the channel form, soil texture and channel cross-sectional area, were varied to observe and calculate the resulting cumulative infiltration amount, infiltration rate and wetting front migration distance. HYDRUS-3D software was used to solve the three-dimensional soil water movement equation under different initial conditions. The results demonstrated that the U-shaped channel was more effective than the trapezoidal channel in increasing the utilization efficiency of the water resources. A U-shaped channel with a small channel cross-sectional area should be adopted and the soil particle size should be prioritized in the construction of water conveyance channels for farmlands. The simulation results were in agreement with the observed results, which indicates that HYDRUS-3D is a reliable tool that can accurately simulate the soil moisture movement in water conveyance channels. The research results can provide a reference for the design and operation of farmland irrigation systems.  相似文献   

袭港热带气旋持续时间长期频率分析     

陶山山  宋佳玲  廖振焜  董胜 《中国海洋大学学报(自然科学版)》2020,(2):135-141

香港经常受到西北太平洋热带气旋的影响,对该地区热带气旋持续时间的研究有助于经济社会的稳定发展。按照气象和天文台警告信号,热带气旋分为不同的强度等级。建立热带气旋持续时间的Poisson-Weibull复合分布模型,相应获得持续时间重现值的求解公式,分别用于不同热带气旋分类下持续时间多年一遇重现值的计算中。基于1987-2016年袭港热带气旋数据的分析结果表明,Poisson-Weibull分布适用于不同的持续时间分类样本;强的热带气旋经常会伴随较长的持续时间,这将会对该地区造成更为严重的破坏,这可为防灾减灾提供参考。  相似文献   

秦岭造山带多金属矿普查复杂地层护壁堵漏技术          下载免费PDF全文

柳硕林  韩明耀 《探矿工程》2020,47(1):43-47

秦岭造山带多金属矿普查项目钻探施工过程中钻遇多种复杂地层，垮塌、缩径、漏失等复杂情况频发，严重影响了施工效率。分别采用了植物胶钙处理钻井液、聚乙烯醇无固相钻井液等进行护壁工作，结合不同漏失情况分别实施了随钻堵漏、凝胶堵漏等技术措施，取得了良好的使用效果。  相似文献   

延迟交联凝胶研制及其在广西某铀矿堵漏应用          下载免费PDF全文

熊正强  陶士先  刘俊辉  李晓东  薛倩冰 《探矿工程》2020,47(4):140-144

针对地质钻探小井眼条件下失返性漏失堵漏技术难题，开展了适用于地质钻探堵漏要求的聚合物交联凝胶研究。采用单因素优选法，优选了交联凝胶体系用各种处理剂，并以环保型植物胶GJ为成胶剂，加入交联控制剂N1及交联剂1号等组分，研制了一种延迟交联凝胶。该凝胶在广西某铀矿勘查ZK6-37-1孔堵漏成功应用，解决了2个孔段失返性漏失问题。研究结果表明，该凝胶具有交联时间可控(交联时间10～75 min)以及较高的凝胶强度（承压≥6 MPa），在解决失返性漏失方面具有广阔的应用前景。  相似文献   

Effects of the improper modeling of viscous damping on the first-mode and higher-mode dominated responses of base-isolated buildings     

Hamidreza Anajafi  Ricardo A. Medina  Erin Santini-Bell 《地震工程与结构动力学》2020,49(1):51-73

In many finite element platforms, a classical global damping matrix based on the elastic stiffness of the system (including isolators) is usually developed as part of the solution to the equations of motion of base-isolated buildings. The conducted analytical and numerical investigations illustrate that this approach can lead to the introduction of unintended damping to the first and higher vibration modes and the spurious suppression of the respective structural responses. A similar shortcoming might be observed even when a nonclassical damping model (ie, an assembly of the superstructure and isolation system damping sub-matrices) is used. For example, the use of Rayleigh damping approach to develop the superstructure damping sub-matrix can lead to the undesired addition of damping to the isolated mode arising from the mass-proportional component of the superstructure damping. On the other hand, the improper use of nonclassical stiffness-proportional damping (eg, determining the proportional damping coefficient, β_k , based on the first mode) can result in assigning significant damping to the higher-modes and the unintended mitigation of the higher-mode responses. Results show that a nonclassical stiffness-proportional model in which β_k is determined based on the second modal period of a base-isolated building can reasonably specify the intended damping to the higher modes without imparting undesirable damping to the first mode. The nonclassical stiffness-proportional damping can be introduced to the numerical model through explicit viscous damper elements attached between adjacent floors. In structural analysis software such as SAP2000®, the desired nonclassical damping can be also modeled through specifying damping solely to the superstructure material.  相似文献   

起伏海面的雷电电磁场传播特征及其对闪电定位精度的影响     

张源源  庞华基  刘钊  宋琳  邓猛 《海洋科学》2020,44(5):34-41

为了研究起伏海面对雷电电磁传播的影响,本文利用Barrick表面阻抗理论和Wait近似算法,采用改进二维分形海面模型模拟起伏海面,利用数值模式,分析起伏海面的雷电电磁传播特征,并进一步讨论了起伏海面对时差法闪电定位系统定位精度的影响。结果表明:起伏海面对垂直电场和磁场的峰值的影响不显著,但会引起波形的上升期时间的延长,浪高越大,影响越明显;随着观测距离的增加,雷电垂直电场波形的上升时间逐渐变长;风速的变化与雷电垂直电场波形的上升时间成正比;由于海面起伏引起雷电电磁场波形在传播中的变化会影响基于时差法闪电定位系统的定位精度,定位误差可达几至十几公里。  相似文献