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Ke CHE Yi LIU Zhaonan CAI Dongxu YANG Haibo WANG Denghui JI Yang YANG Pucai WANG 《大气科学进展》2022,39(8):1299-1315
Measurements of column-averaged dry-air mole fractions of carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide, CO2 (XCO2) and CO (XCO), were performed throughout 2019 at an urban site in Beijing using a compact Fourier Transform Spectrometer (FTS) EM27/SUN. This data set is used to assess the characteristics of combustion-related CO2 emissions of urban Beijing by analyzing the correlated daily anomalies of XCO and XCO2 (e.g., ΔXCO and ΔXCO2). The EM27/SUN measurements were calibrated to a 125HR-FTS at the Xianghe station by an extra EM27/SUN instrument transferred between two sites. The ratio of ΔXCO over ΔXCO2 (ΔXCO:ΔXCO2) is used to estimate the combustion efficiency in the Beijing region. A high correlation coefficient (0.86) between ΔXCO and ΔXCO2 is observed. The CO:CO2 emission ratio estimated from inventories is higher than the observed ΔXCO:ΔXCO2 (10.46 ± 0.11 ppb ppm?1) by 42.54%–101.15%, indicating an underestimation in combustion efficiency in the inventories. Daily ΔXCO:ΔXCO2 are influenced by transportation governed by weather conditions, except for days in summer when the correlation is low due to the terrestrial biotic activity. By convolving the column footprint [ppm (μmol m–2 s–1)–1] generated by the Weather Research and Forecasting-X-Stochastic Time-Inverted Lagrangian Transport models (WRF-X-STILT) with two fossil-fuel emission inventories (the Multi-resolution Emission Inventory for China (MEIC) and the Peking University (PKU) inventory), the observed enhancements of CO2 and CO were used to evaluate the regional emissions. The CO2 emissions appear to be underestimated by 11% and 49% for the MEIC and PKU inventories, respectively, while CO emissions were overestimated by MEIC (30%) and PKU (35%) in the Beijing area. 相似文献
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为评估用于超大城市综合气象观测试验的测风激光雷达,从最大有效探测高度和数据获取率两方面对测风激光雷达的探测能力进行分析,同时使用测风激光雷达与深圳气象梯度观测塔的测风资料从不同观测高度、不同观测值等方面进行对比分析,结果表明:测风激光雷达与深圳气象梯度观测塔的风速、风向一致性较好,相关系数分别为0.96、0.99,平均绝对误差分别为0.54 m/s、9.95 °,且不同高度层的测风结果也较为一致,但雨天和雾天条件对测风激光雷达的最大有效探测高度和数据获取率影响较大,设备探测能力受到一定的限制。 相似文献
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The aim of this study was to quantitatively assess vegetable production and consumption in an urban fringe area in Metro Manila, the Philippines. We conducted field investigations into vegetable production at a farm within a subdivision, monitored customers for 1 week at the farm's vegetable stand, interviewed customers of the stand, and conducted household monitoring and interviews to identify purchasing behavior. We also conducted an object-based WorldView-2 image analysis of a larger area to identify current and potential future vegetable farming plots and a spatial analysis using GIS to visualize the vegetable production/consumption ratio. We found that about one-third of current vegetable demand could be supplied by greater promotion of vegetable farming in vacant lots and by setting up more vegetable stands at spatial intervals less than 1-km. Subdivision regulations also influenced vegetable farming because of the level of social acceptance of caretakers of vacant lots. The current planning and institutional framework does not consider social contexts in land use and planning. We suggested that a new framework is necessary; it should consider balancing the formation of social capital and formalize planning and institutional procedures to support sustainable local vegetable production. 相似文献
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海峡西岸经济区城市网络特征分析——基于功能网络与创新网络的视角 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
全球化和信息化促进了城市网络的复杂化,城际关系不断重构,且往往需要通过多方面要素才能较完整地表现出来,但以往城市网络特征的研究往往聚焦于单一视角下的城市网络结构分析,且较少考虑联系的方向,对其复杂性的揭示上存在一定不足。以城际人员流动数据与共同专利数据为基础,从功能网络与创新网络的视角,利用社会网络分析等方法,研究了海峡西岸经济区的城市网络特征,结果表明：① 区域多级发展的网络格局已经形成,省会城市与副省级城市（福州、厦门）构成了中心性第一梯队,重要地级市（泉州、温州、赣州）构成了中心性第二梯队,一般节点城市（漳州、汕头等）构成了中心性第三梯队。② 强中心性城市中,厦门、福州及温州存在对其他城市较显著的溢出效应,区域中小城市成了辐射的主要受益者。③ 城市在两类网络中的地位整体一致,局部如赣州、龙岩一致性较差。④ 城际创新合作关系整体上较薄弱且较不均衡,而区域功能网络表现为“整体均衡,局部不均衡”态势。 相似文献
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Static models of accessibility are usually based on the fixed distance or Average Travel Time (ATT) models. Because of ignoring the traffic as a dynamic process affecting the accessibility through the change of Travel Time (TT), these models lead to unperceived temporal inequities. In contrast to the consideration of the temporal Variation of TT (VTT) in the previous studies, the variation of traffic- related TT and its relations with network distance has not been considered. In this study, relations between VTT and network distance to access urban parks in Tehran megacity has been modeled. Traffic maps at five times of day are used to produce TT maps of Traffic Analysis Zones (TAZs) to their 3-closest parks. Comparison of the Gini coefficients of accessibility show significant inequities of accessibility at different times of day. Relations between the distance, ATT, and TTmax are modeled by statistical analysis. Results show both TT and TTmax have significant positive relations with distance and traffic and reach their maximum at 6 p.m. Observation of significant relations between distance, ATT, TTmax, and VTT provides interesting knowledge for the conversion of temporal measures of equity (TT) to a physical measure of equity (distance). A simple application of these findings for effective management of the spatiotemporal inequities is the definition of critical distances from public services. As an example, to decrease the TTmax of TAZs to less than 12 min, their maximum distance to the closest parks should be less than 4 km. The developed approach can be adopted for the accessibility evaluation of the other public services, particularly the health and education centers. 相似文献
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Characterization and source apportionment of volatile organic compounds in urban and suburban Tianjin,China 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Tianjin is the third largest megacity and the fastest growth area in China, and consequently faces the problems of surface ozone and haze episodes. This study measures and characterizes volatile organic compounds(VOCs), which are ozone precursors, to identify their possible sources and evaluate their contribution to ozone formation in urban and suburban Tianjin,China during the Ha Chi(Haze in China) summer campaign in 2009. A total of 107 species of ambient VOCs were detected,and the average concentrations of VOCs at urban and suburban sites were 92 and 174 ppbv, respectively. Of those, 51 species of VOCs were extracted to analyze the possible VOC sources using positive matrix factorization. The identified sources of VOCs were significantly related to vehicular activities, which specifically contributed 60% to urban and 42% to suburban VOCs loadings in Tianjin. Industrial emission was the second most prominent source of ambient VOCs in both urban and suburban areas, although the contribution of industry in the suburban area(36%) was much higher than that at the urban area(16%). We conclude that controlling vehicle emissions should be a top priority for VOC reduction, and that fast industrialization and urbanization causes air pollution to be more complex due to the combined emission of VOCs from industry and daily life, especially in suburban areas. 相似文献
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对于特大城市郊区建设用地效益的比较研究,有助于判别不同地区之间发展质量差异性,以此为特大城市区域资源的合理分配与预测提供支撑。本文基于“核心-边缘”理论,在既有建设用地效益评价方法的基础上,构建了兼顾同级别地区（市郊区县）与不同级别地区（市郊区县与中心城区）之间的“横向-纵向”效益特征模型。在对市郊区县之间效益相对优势比较的基础上,增加各市郊区县与中心城区的效益等级比较维度,并完善“人口-经济-空间”多系统综合效益评价方法,实现该模型的量化评估。对特大城市郊区建设用地效益的比较研究模型实现了以下两方面的优化：其一,以人口-经济-空间三系统的建设用地效益取代以往以人口、经济单一系统效益比较方法,可实现对社会经济要素在建设用地投入约束下的不均衡性评估和效益机制分析;其二,增加与中心城区比较的纵向维度比较,可在市郊区县相对优势判断基础上,进一步明确其在特大城市区域等级中的变化趋势,增加效益评估的多维性。本文以天津市11个市郊区县为实证研究,得到以下研究结论：① 从天津市郊区区域效益等级方面,从单一节点逐渐变为京津滨海轴向拓展,多核心的区域多极网络空间结构并未完全建立,并呈现较弱的轴带发展趋势。从纵向效益及多维模型判断,多数区县效益特征模型呈现边缘化增长模式,郊区整体效益等级趋同且降低。② 中心城区核心极化特征明显,近远郊效益“扁平化”结构显著。市郊区县与中心城区效益等级差距更大且缺乏中间梯度层级。主要表现在近、远郊各自效益相对趋同而两者之间差异减弱。由此,控制郊区土地资源供给、优化不同效益区域的产业发展模式可有效提升郊区建设用地效益,优化区域空间发展结构。 相似文献
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超大城市生产性服务业空间分工及其效应分析——以北京为例 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
为探究超大城市生产性服务业空间分工机理及效应,基于2006~2015年北京各区数据和地区相对专业化指数等方法分析北京生产性服务业空间分工特征,研究发现,北京生产性服务业呈现从中心到外围专业化程度提升、多样化程度下降的趋势,且动态来看,专业化水平都有所提升,空间分工趋势愈加明显;高级生产性服务业集聚在多样化地区,交通运输业分散在专业化地区,房地产服务业是多数地区的专业化产业。空间面板计量模型检验表明,北京各区之间生产性服务业空间溢出效应明显,联动协调发展水平较高;生产性服务业各细分产业的空间分工效应与产业特性高度相关,交通服务业呈现负向空间溢出,金融、科技、信息、房地产等服务业存在正向溢出,而商务服务业溢出效应不显著。 相似文献
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中国城市发展方针的演变调整与城市规模新格局 总被引：7，自引：3，他引：4
城市发展方针是指导城市持续健康发展、把握城市发展大局与方向的总体纲领。处在不同发展阶段的城市需要与之相适应的城市发展方针来指导,城市发展的阶段性规律决定了城市发展方针是随着城市发展阶段的变化而调整的,因而不是一成不变的。在对中国近60 多年来城市发展总体方针演变过程与指导效果回顾总结的基础上,客观分析了中国现行城市发展方针的局限性,包括现行城市发展方针与国家城市发展的客观现实不相符合,缺少对城市化重点地区“城市群”的基本表述,对大、中、小城市的划分标准不尽合理,现行城市发展方针指导下的城市体系等级规模结构与行政区划不相协调等。最后提出了调整现行城市发展方针的建议方案,重新划分大、中、小城市的规模标准,将中国城市划分为超大城市（市区常住人口规模≥1000 万人）、特大城市（介于500 万~1000 万人）、大城市（介于100 万~500 万人）、中等城市（介于50 万~100 万人）、小城市（介于10 万~50 万人）、小城镇（<10 万人） 共六个规模等级标准;将新形势下中国城市发展方针调整为：引导发展城市群,严格控制超大和特大城市,合理发展大城市,鼓励发展中等城市,积极发展小城市和小城镇,形成城市群与大、中、小城市与小城镇协调发展的国家城市发展新格局。到2020 年将形成由20 个城市群、10 个超大城市、20 个特大城市、150 个大城市、240 个中等城市、350 个小城市和19000 个小城镇组成的6 级国家城市规模结构新体系;重新构建建制市的设市标准,尝试建立民族自治市;鼓励发展小城市和小城镇,把其作为农业人口就近就地市民化的首选地,不断提升城镇化发展质量。 相似文献