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1.
On 25th January 2019, the tailings dam of the Brumadinho iron mine operated by Vale S/A failed catastrophically. The death toll stood at 259 and 11 people remained missing as of January 2020. This tragedy occurred three years after Mariana’s tailings dam rupture – the most significant tailing dam disaster in Brazilian history. Thus far, a systematic investigation on the cause and effect of the failure has yet to be conducted. Here, we use satellite-driven soil moisture index, multispectral high-resolution imagery and Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) products to assess pre-disaster scenarios and the direct causes of the tailings dam collapse. A decreasing trend in the moisture content at the surface and the full evanescence of pond water through time (2011–2019) suggest that the water was gradually penetrating the fill downwards and caused the seepage erosion, saturating the tailings dam. Large-scale slumping of the dam (extensional failure) upon the rupture indicates that the materials of the fill were already saturated. InSAR measurements reveal a dramatic, up to 30 cm subsidence in the dam (at the rear part) within the past 12 months before the dam collapse, signifying that the sediments had been removed from the fill. Although the information on the resistance level of the tailings dam to infiltrations is not available, these pieces of evidence collectively indicate that the seepage erosion (piping) is the primary cause for the chronic weakening of the structure and, hence, the internal “liquefaction” condition. Upon the collapse, the fully saturated mud tailings flowed down the gentle slope area (3.13 × 106 m2), where 73 % were originally covered by tree, grass or agricultural tracts. The toxic mud eventually reached the Paraopeba River after travelling 10 km, abruptly increasing the suspended particulate matter (SPM) concentration and the toxic chemical elements in the river, immediately affecting the local livelihoods that depend on its water. The Paraopeba River is a major tributary of the San Francisco River, the second-longest river in Brazil reaching the Atlantic Ocean. We anticipate that the environmental repercussions of this toxic seepage will be felt throughout the entire basin, especially riverine communities located downstream. 相似文献
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研究尼日尔三角洲东部深水区块发现,整个盆地从陆向洋具有3个大的构造分区:伸展拉张区、过渡区和挤压逆冲区。伸展区以大型同沉积断层伴生大量滚动背斜构造为特征,过渡区发育大量泥底辟构造,挤压区以复杂的逆冲叠瓦构造为主。通过分析形成机理,揭示东部深水转换带上M研究区构造特征,按构造的演化特征将该区构造分为泥底辟型、冲断-泥底辟混合型、逆冲型3种类型,提出研究区内的圈闭主要以构造-岩性圈闭为主,为尼日尔三角洲盆地深水勘探提供新的理论指导。 相似文献
4.
为探讨华北地区中元古界洪水庄组黑色泥页岩物源和沉积环境,采集了燕辽地区清河剖面洪水庄组样品,进行元素地球化学测试和分析。结果表明:洪水庄组沉积物来源不仅有陆源碎屑物质,还有海水沉积物贡献。Y/Ho和ΣREE交会图版分析认为海水沉积物来源占比为10%~20%。此外,稀土元素分布模式以及Ce和Eu异常表明沉积物来源有火山热液活动的参与。Mo-EF/U-EF分析结果表明洪水庄为海洋非滞留海盆沉积环境,氧化还原条件在沉积期发生了演变:在洪一段沉积时期,水体还原程度强,为厌氧-硫化环境;洪二段沉积时期,水体还原程度降低,为贫氧-厌氧环境。分析认为洪水庄组物源组成和沉积环境演变与沉积构造背景密切相关。 相似文献
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煤炭仍然是世界主要能源资料,煤田地质勘探必将向深部发展,绳索取心钻探技术是深部钻探优质高效的首选方法。目前煤田绳索取心钻探技术未能全面采用,存在若干不适应煤田地层的技术问题,但都能采取措施解决。煤田地质钻探钻遇地层普遍存在水敏现象,导致泥浆含砂、含泥量过高使性能变坏。煤田绳索取心钻探还存在与“水敏”、“砂害”伴随着的泵压高、泥浆流速快、冲刷严重、冲洗液动力学效应负作用大等问题,采用非煤地质勘探标准钻具(柱),强度低,能力弱,难以抵抗负面作用。为此,不仅需要优选适应地层抑制其水敏性的泥浆配比,更重要的是解决除砂除泥问题。同时要打破旧有思维,建立新体系,扩大钻孔直径,增大配套间隙,提升装备动力,用大功率去克服问题。 相似文献
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Jinquan Liu Weizhong Chen Zhiping Deng Taogen Liu 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2020,38(2):144-153
AbstractDue to the strong disintegration and water erosion of completely weathered granite, water and mud inrush disasters are apt to take place in this zone during underwater tunnel construction. The pore, compactness, seepage path length, fracture geometries and their interconnections for water and mud transfer are strongly influenced by confining pressure and waterproof-resistant slab safety thickness. In order to inspect the influence, a series of experiments based on a self-designed testing system and non-Darcy testing method were performed. The results indicated that the water and mud inrush evolution increased with the increase of confining pressure and decreased with the increase of safety thickness. In particular, the confining pressure mainly influences the initial evolution stage, and a critical safety thickness to prevent water and mud inrush is obtained. Besides, the non-Darcy testing method results shows that the water and mud inrush evolution affects the influence of non-Darcy flow. For example, while the safety thickness was smaller than the critical value, the evolution was large and unstable and its behavior transferred into nonlinear. In this case, the flow changed to non-Darcy flow. 相似文献
8.
生态地质学是研究生态系统与地质环境之间关系的一门交叉学科,对国土空间生态保护修复工作有重要理论支撑作用。我国生态地质研究工作虽然经过了多年的发展与积淀,但时至今日生态地质学仍然处于研究和探索阶段。鉴于此,基于前人的大量研究,总结了国内外生态地质研究进展: 国际上,俄罗斯建立了生态地质学研究体系,美国发起的地球关键带研究是与生态地质研究十分契合的主题; 在国内,生态地质研究主要着眼于”生态-地质”相互作用过程与机理以及地质环境影响下的系统性生态修复研究。在此基础上,提出了生态地质学涵义及其研究内容、方法技术创新及学科体系构建思路,以期为服务山水林田湖草沙整体保护、系统修复、综合治理和生态地质系统深化研究提供借鉴。 相似文献
9.
A. Guy Plint 《Sedimentology》2014,61(3):609-647
Determining sediment transport direction in ancient mudrocks is difficult. In order to determine both process and direction of mud transport, a portion of a well‐mapped Cretaceous delta system was studied. Oriented samples from outcrop represent prodelta environments from ca 10 to 120 km offshore. Oriented thin sections of mudstone, cut in three planes, allowed bed microstructure and palaeoflow directions to be determined. Clay mineral platelets are packaged in equant, face‐face aggregates 2 to 5 μm in diameter that have a random orientation; these aggregates may have formed through flocculation in fluid mud. Cohesive mud was eroded by storms to make intraclastic aggregates 5 to 20 μm in diameter. Mudstone beds are millimetre‐scale, and four microfacies are recognized: Well‐sorted siltstone forms millimetre‐scale combined‐flow ripples overlying scoured surfaces; deposition was from turbulent combined flow. Silt‐streaked claystone comprises parallel, sub‐millimetre laminae of siliceous silt and clay aggregates sorted by shear in the boundary layer beneath a wave‐supported gravity flow of fluid mud. Silty claystone comprises fine siliceous silt grains floating in a matrix of clay and was deposited by vertical settling as fluid mud gelled under minimal current shear. Homogeneous clay‐rich mudstone has little silt and may represent late‐stage settling of fluid mud, or settling from wave‐dissipated fluid mud. It is difficult or impossible to correlate millimetre‐scale beds between thin sections from the same sample, spaced only ca 20 mm apart, due to lateral facies change and localized scour and fill. Combined‐flow ripples in siltstone show strong preferred migration directly down the regional prodelta slope, estimated at ca 1 : 1000. Ripple migration was effected by drag exerted by an overlying layer of downslope‐flowing, wave‐supported fluid mud. In the upper part of the studied section, centimetre‐scale interbeds of very fine to fine‐grained sandstone show wave ripple crests trending shore normal, whereas combined‐flow ripples migrated obliquely alongshore and offshore. Storm winds blowing from the north‐east drove shore‐oblique geostrophic sand transport whereas simultaneously, wave‐supported flows of fluid mud travelled downslope under the influence of gravity. Effective wave base for sand, estimated at ca 40 m, intersected the prodelta surface ca 80 km offshore whereas wave base for mud was at ca 70 m and lay ca 120 km offshore. Small‐scale bioturbation of mud beds co‐occurs with interbedded sandstone but stratigraphically lower, sand‐free mudstone has few or no signs of benthic fauna. It is likely that a combination of soupground substrate, frequent storm emplacement of fluid mud, low nutrient availability and possibly reduced bottom‐water oxygen content collectively inhibited benthic fauna in the distal prodelta. 相似文献
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泥浆冷却技术是天然气水合物钻探的关键技术之一,低温泥浆可以抑制天然气水合物在钻进和提钻过程中分解,有利于钻获水合物实物样品。新型天然气水合物钻井泥浆冷却系统主要包括载冷剂制冷器、翅片管式换热器、温度监测与记录和防冻装置4部分。制冷机组采用变频启动,减小了野外施工中配套发电机的功率,大幅度降低油料消耗;翅片管式换热器中泥浆与载冷剂对流换热,换热面积大,换热效率高;温度监测与记录装置对4个关键节点的温度进行监测和记录,同时防冻装置可防止泥浆在换热器中结冰堵塞,影响正常使用。运用传热学和流体力学理论对泥浆与载冷剂对流换热过程进行计算,在满足制冷要求的前提下,换热器换热面积是10.58 m2,管路压力损失为0.34 MPa。 相似文献