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1.
太湖平原西北部全新世古河道沉积特征及环境演变   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
粒度、磁化率定量数据分析在判明第四系沉积物的来源、识别沉积分异作用、解译古沉积相和环境方面有着重要作用。对太湖平原西北部卜弋桥ZK01钻孔上部全新统如东组进行了粒度和磁化率测试分析,结合该孔孢粉成果,揭示研究区全新世古河道沉积环境和气候明显经历了3个阶段:1)11000—9500cal.aBP,沉积物主要由粉砂组成,粒度证据表明水动力条件较强,孢粉证据显示该阶段气候较温暖湿润;2)9500—3900cal.aBP,沉积物砂组分含量大幅增加,粒度资料显示古河道水动力明显增强,孢粉植被表明该时期处于全新世大暖期,气候暖湿稳定;3)3900cal.aBP以来,粉砂组分在沉积物中占优势,粒度结果表明该阶段水动力显著减弱,孢粉资料和磁化率证据表明研究区自该阶段特别是后期以来逐步出现了明显的人类活动迹象。  相似文献   
2.
The determination of the bottom of a subfossil meandering palaeochannel is important for investigations of the palaeohydrology of valley bottoms, and crucial for the quantitative estimation of past river discharges. The authors present a procedure on the basis of which the bottom of a palaeochannel can be precisely determined. It is based on an analysis of the stratigraphic variability of such features of deposits as: mean diameter, standard deviation of the grain-size composition, the percentage of sand, and ignition loss.  相似文献   
3.
The mode of channel‐bend transformation (i.e. expansion, translation, rotation or a combination thereof) has a direct bearing on the dimensions, shape, bedding architecture and connectivity of point‐bar sandstone bodies within a fluvial meander belt, but is generally difficult to recognize in vertical outcrops. This study demonstrates how the bend transformation mode and relative rate of channel‐floor aggradation can be deciphered from longitudinal outcrop sections aligned parallel to the meander‐belt axis, as a crucial methodological aid to the reconstruction of ancient fluvial systems and the development of outcrop analogue models for fluvial petroleum reservoirs. The study focuses on single‐storey and multi‐storey fluvial meander‐belt sandstone bodies in the Palaeogene piggyback Boyabat Basin of north‐central Turkey. The sandstone bodies are several hundred metres wide, 5 to 40 m thick and encased in muddy floodplain deposits. The individual channel‐belt storeys are 5 to 9 m thick and their transverse sections show lateral‐accretion bed packages representing point bars. Point bars in longitudinal sections are recognizable as broad mounds whose parts with downstream‐inclined, subhorizontal and upstream‐inclined bedding represent, respectively, the bar downstream, central and upstream parts. The inter‐bar channel thalweg is recognizable as the transition zone between adjacent point‐bar bedsets with opposing dip directions into or out of the outcrop section. The diverging or converging adjacent thalweg trajectories, or a trajectory migrating in up‐valley direction, indicate point‐bar broadening and hence channel‐bend expansion. A concurrent down‐valley migration of adjacent trajectories indicates channel‐bend translation. Bend rotation is recognizable from the replacement of a depositional riffle by an erosional pool zone or vice versa along the thalweg trajectory. The steepness of the thalweg trajectory reflects the relative rate of channel‐floor aggradation. This study discusses further how the late‐stage foreland tectonics, with its alternating pulses of uplift and subsidence and a progressive narrowing of the basin, has forced aggradation of fluvial channels and caused vertical stacking of meander belts.  相似文献   
4.
European settlement in southeastern Australia led to rapid changes in the morphology of many upland streams. However, our knowledge of the nature of these changes is limited as historical records and preserved palaeochannels are rare. In this study we compare a well‐preserved section of the late Holocene palaeochannel of Gilmore Creek to its present channel. We used a combination of map and aerial photograph interpretation, field survey, OSL dating and discharge analysis to describe and compare the modern and palaeochannels and establish a firm date for the timing of channel change. In common with many other streams in southeastern Australia Gilmore Creek's late Holocene channel meandered across a stable well‐vegetated and frequently inundated floodplain. After about 1830 European settlers quickly modified the catchment by clearing riparian and hillslope vegetation, introducing grazing animals and other exotic species and mining for alluvial gold in the headwaters. The OSL dates show that between about 1850 and 1880 the small meandering channel aggraded with coarse sands and then up to about 1 m of silty sand was deposited over the floodplain. Declining sediment input from upstream channel avulsion before 1890 resulted in the establishment of a straighter, larger capacity channel that incised to the level of basal cobbles and, in places, to bedrock. The dramatic change in channel pattern resembles that described on the Cann River in eastern Victoria following the removal of riparian vegetation and within‐channel coarse woody debris. At Gilmore Creek increased channel capacity has greatly reduced the average frequency of floodplain inundation. High values of specific stream power suggest that channel morphology is now well adjusted to the present flow regime. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   
5.
Two adjacent upland floodplains are compared to establish the local response of floodplains to environmental change. Radiocarbon dating, the analysis of sedimentary exposures, terrace mapping, aerial photography and archaeological evidence are used to examine Late Quaternary valley fill sediments on the Afon Tanat and the Afon Vymwy in the Upper Severn Basin, Wales, UK.The alluvial stratigraphy of the two floodplain systems consists of Late Devensian (last glacial) fluvio-glacial sediments at the valley margins deposited under a braided outwash river regime. Holocene age terraces, with floodplain and palaeochannel deposits composed of gravels overlain by silty-sands, are inset into this older unit and were formed by meandering fluvial channel systems. A combination of field and laboratory data demonstrates that from the mid-late Holocene the two floodplain systems had divergent development. The Afon Vyrnwy has remained vertically stable for the last ca. 4000 yrs. whereas the adjacent Afon Tanat continued to be vertically and laterally active.Both floodplain systems have been affected by Late Quaternary climatic fluctuations and anthropogenic activity from the Bronze Age to the Roman period, but local geomorphic gradient controls, combined with a possibly greater focus of anthropogenic activity in the Tanat catchment, may explain the differential evolution of the two systems. The data demonstrate that multiple reach-scale studies are essential for revealing significant stages in the chronology and historical development of fluvial systems.  相似文献   
6.
古河道解释及在油气勘探中的意义   总被引:5,自引:1,他引:4  
古河道沉积是一种比较特殊的沉积体,它在地震剖面上的表现形态多种多样,且一般不易识别,必须经过仔细观察和认真分析才能发现。河道有其独特的沉积方式,能形成多种不同类型的沉积砂体,而这些砂体如果接近油源,则有可能成为高产油气藏。我国已在许多油田发现了河道沉积体,其中有些河道砂岩体已打井并获高产油气流。因而如何在地震剖面上识别古河道,一直是地质人员所关注的重要问题。本文通过我国西部某盆地T凹陷古河道的解释实例,阐明了古河道的沉积特点和在地震剖面上的地震相及反射特征。  相似文献   
7.
古河道记载了地质历史时期区域水系结构和沉积环境的演变信息,对复原古环境、水系变迁规律等具有重要理论意义。依托滹沱河冲洪积扇扇中古河道带上的一个第四纪钻孔(L2),基于详细的岩性特征、粒度参数和光释光年龄数据,文章深入分析了古河道发育的期次和时段,探讨了滹沱河中游古河道带150 ka以来的沉积环境演变过程及其对气候变化的响应。结果表明:研究区150 ka以来的沉积环境演化主要表现为三期古河道发育期与两期河流稳定期的交替,与深海氧同位素阶段及其指示的气候冷暖变化有很好的对应关系。其中三期古河道发育期分别对应于深海氧同位素第2、4、6阶段及其指示的气候冷期,两期河流稳定期对应于深海氧同位素第3、5阶段及其指示的气候暖期。第三期古河道(118~151 ka)是由距今150 ka的共和运动引起的构造抬升与倒数第二次冰期冷干气候的共同作用形成;第二期古河道(36~76 ka)是区域间歇性构造抬升与气候变化共同作用的结果;而第一期古河道(5~26 ka)则是末次盛冰期气候变化的产物。  相似文献   
8.
The sub‐fossil head capsules of larval Chironomidae have been widely exploited as palaeoecological indicators of lentic ecosystems but their value in the interpretation of the evolution of lotic systems has been underutilised by comparison. Recent research has demonstrated that the remains of Chironomidae are abundant within fluvial sequences and that they offer a valuable record of channel change and floodplain evolution that may complement that derived from existing biological and sedimentological techniques. This paper demonstrates the use of Chironomidae in characterising the palaeoflow regime of a large mid–late Holocene floodplain palaeochannel (5470–4960 to 1530–1350 cal. a BP) of the River Trent (Derbyshire, UK). Using expert knowledge and published information regarding flow preferences, larval Chironomidae were incorporated into the PalaeoLIFE (Lotic‐invertebrate Index for Flow Evaluation) methodology. The results clearly demonstrate that the sub‐fossil record provided by Chironomidae can be used to characterise changes in the flow regime within palaeochannel sections. At the scale of the channel section, species‐ and generic‐level ecological associations can provide useful information regarding habitat characteristics, including the presence of instream vegetation, mineral substrates and woody debris. The ability to undertake environmental reconstruction and channel evolution history was significantly enhanced through the application of a multi‐proxy approach, by incorporating other aquatic insect groups (Trichoptera and Coleoptera) into the PalaeoLIFE metric, together with sedimentological data. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   
9.
lintroductionPalaeoh}'drolog}'dealsti'ithdieac.atersofaleeartheircompositionsdistribuhonand"lovementonancientlandscapesfrom1lieoccurrenceofthefirstrainfalltothebeginningofhistoricalllydrologicalrecordsl'].Runoffanddischargeareimportanthydrologicalpazametersdescribingquanhtyrstatusofsurfacexvater.TheirreconstrUchonsfortheQuatemmppastareillusverysigrmcantforfurtherunderstanclingtilepalaeohydrologicalcondjhonandeventhewholephysicalPalaeoenviromnentofthisgeologicalperiod.SouthernHebei(114~l17T.3…  相似文献   
10.
晚更新世以来潍河古河道沉积及其对现代咸水入侵的控制   总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7  
在莱州湾潍河古河道沉积区选取4条典型的地质剖面,对典型钻孔岩芯进行粒度、^14C及热释光测年分析,结合野外实地考察及100余个地质钻孔资料的分析,揭示了潍河晚更新世以来古河道的沉积特征。沉积剖面自下而上沉积物粒度逐渐减小,潍河以东古河道砂层厚30-50m,连续性好;潍河以西古河道砂层厚度小于20m,连续性较差。沉积特征的不同导致潍河以东地区咸水入侵发生早,后期变缓,为上淡下咸二层水文地质体;潍河以西地区咸水入侵主要是20世纪70年代末期以来在人类活动的干预下大规模的入侵,沿古河道入侵距离可达9-10km,为淡-咸-淡三层水文地质体。研究古河道沉积与咸水入侵的关系,为咸水入侵的发展趋势及防治措施的研究提供了重要科学依据。  相似文献   
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