Rainfall intensity affects runoff responses in a semi-arid catchment     

Ze Tao  Min Li  Bingcheng Si  Dyan Pratt 《水文研究》2021,35(4):e14100

The source and hydrochemical makeup of a stream reflects the connectivity between rainfall, groundwater, the stream, and is reflected to water quantity and quality of the catchment. However, in a semi-arid, thick, loess covered catchment, temporal variation of stream source and event associated behaviours are lesser known. Thus, the isotopic and chemical hydrographs in a widely distributed, deep loess, semi-arid catchment of the northern Chinese Loess Plateau were characterized to determine the source and hydrochemical behaviours of the stream during intra-rainfall events. Rainfall and streamflow were sampled during six hydrologic events coupled with measurements of stream baseflow and groundwater. The deuterium isotope (²H), major ions (Cl⁻, SO₄²⁻, NO₃⁻, Ca²⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺, and Na⁺) were evaluated in water samples obtained during rainfall events. Temporal variation of ²H and Cl⁻ measured in the groundwater and stream baseflow prior to rainfall was similar; however, the isotope compositions of the streamflow fluctuated significantly and responded quickly to rainfall events, likely due to an infiltration excess, overland dominated surface runoff during torrential rainfall events. Time source separation using ²H demonstrated greater than 72% on average, the stream composition was event water during torrential rainfall events, with the proportion increasing with rainfall intensity. Solutes concentrations in the stream had loglinear relationships with stream discharge, with an outling anomaly with an example of an intra-rainfall event on Oct. 24, 2015. Stream Cl⁻ behaved nonconservative during rainfall events, temporal variation of Cl⁻ indicated a flush and washout at the onset of small rainfall events, a dilution but still high concentration pattern in high discharge and old water dominated in regression flow period. This study indicates rainfall intensity affects runoff responses in a semi-arid catchment, and the stored water in the thick, loess covered areas was less connected with stream runoff. Solute transport may threaten water quality in the area, requiring further analysis of the performance of the eco-restoration project.  相似文献   

烃源岩不同性质有机酸的分离及其检测方法     

杜佳宗  何蓓  蔡进功  雷天柱  刘庆  谢忠怀 《高校地质学报》2020,26(5):540-548

烃源岩中的有机酸来源于有机质，但有机质具有不同的赋存形式，有机酸具有不同性质，这将影响有机酸与不同赋存有机质的关系，进而影响分离和检测方法。文章在总结前人对有机质赋存形式和有机酸性质等特征的基础上，提出烃源岩中的有机酸并以非单一的形式存在，具有水溶性、脂溶性和难溶性有机酸三种类型，游离有机质中存在水溶性和脂溶性有机酸，而结合有机质中存在水溶性、脂溶性和难溶性有机酸。因此在检测方法上需采取分步分离的方法，且根据有机酸的性质选取合适的检测方法，即水溶性有机酸利用离子色谱检测，索氏抽提得到的脂溶性有机酸利用气相色谱—质谱检测，通过酸解抽提残渣得到的难溶性有机酸利用红外光谱检测，全面系统地认识烃源岩中有机酸含量和类型等特征。这对进一步探讨烃源岩各种类型有机酸特征和演化规律，深化烃源岩有机质生烃以及有机—无机相互作用等机理都具有重要意义。  相似文献   

Extraction of Lithium from Salt Lake Brine using N523-TBP Mixture System   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0       下载免费PDF全文

SHI Dong  LI Li-juan  LI Jin-feng  JI Lian-min  SONG Fu-gen  PENG Xiao-wu  ZHANG Li-cheng  ZHANG Yu-ze  LI Hui-fang  SONG Xue-xue  NIE Feng  ZENG Zhong-min  LIU Zhi-qi  GUO Fan 《盐湖研究》2019,27(2):95-110

In this work,problems encountered by tri-butyl phosphate( TBP) in the industrialization of lithium extraction from salt lake brine were discussed in detail. The behavior of N,N-bi-( 2-ethylhexyl) acetamide( N523) during lithium extraction was investigated,and its disadvantages were analyzed in the view of practical application. An N523-TBP mixture extraction system was proposed to alleviate or avoid the defects that N523 and TBP met when they were used separately. The optimal composition of this mixture extraction system was determined to be 20% N523-30% TBP-50% kerosene.The effects of brine acidity,Fe/Li molarity ratio,phase ratio and chloride ion concentration on lithium extraction efficiency were discussed. The operation conditions in single-stage extraction were optimized as brine acidity = 0. 05 mol/L,Fe/Li molarity ratio = 1. 3,and phase ratio = 2. The high concentration of chloride ions in brine was beneficial for the extraction of lithium. The structure of the extracted complex was proposed as( LiFeCl_4·n N523·m TBP)·( 2-n) N523·( 2-m) TBP( m + n = 2) by chemical analysis and slope-fitting methods. The extraction thermodynamic functions were calculated preliminarily,and the results suggested that the extraction process was an exothermic( ΔH 0) and spontaneous( ΔG 0) reaction,and the degree of disorder increased( ΔS 0) during the extraction process. This work will give some guidance to the lithium industry of Qinghai in both the fundamental theory and practical application.  相似文献   

德令哈13.7m望远镜多波束接收机的运行          下载免费PDF全文

李振强  张旭国  徐烨  左营喜  李积斌  孙继先  逯登荣  巨秉刚  张海龙  金风娟  罗春盛 《天文学报》2021,62(3):24

德令哈13.7 m望远镜是中国最重要的射电望远镜之一.望远镜自安装超导成像频谱仪以及采用飞行观测模式以来,运行近10 yr.在此期间,望远镜开展并完成大量的天文观测,累积了巨量的天文数据,取得了一系列重要的科研成果.介绍了超导成像频谱仪在天文观测中的运行状态,运行中疑难问题、故障现象及解决方案.详述了超导成像频谱仪各方面性能测试及多年来的性能分析,包含接收机噪声温度及望远镜系统噪声温度、镜像抑制比、接收机稳定性、波束性能等方面.列举了超导成像频谱仪更新发展方面的工作,包含本振功率自动化调整、边带分离型超导混频器预放大电路的更新、控制程序的优化等.总结经验和规律,承前启后,将过去的超导成像频谱仪的维护运行经验应用到之后新一代大规模接收机系统中.  相似文献   

各向异性介质的矢量波场分离与应用          下载免费PDF全文

芦俊  石瑛  杨春颖 《地球物理学报》2018,61(8):3310-3323

针对裂缝各向异性介质，本文提出一种非正交假设下的矢量波场分离方法.本文首先对多分量地震勘探中常见的波型泄漏现象进行了数学描述，提出在纵、横波波场分离的同时应该考虑恢复纵、横波的矢量振幅.为了对裂缝方位角与各向异性系数进行定量预测，本文将矢量波场分离拆分成三个步骤来实施：第一步，用Z、R两分量的仿射坐标系变换分离ZR平面内的P波投影与SV波；第二步，用ZR平面内的P波投影与T分量的仿射坐标系变换分离P波与SH波；第三步，用纯净的SV波与SH波的成像剖面分离快慢横波，并预测裂缝发育参数.模型数据与实际数据的试验结果表明，本文提出的纵、横波波场分离方法能够获得完整的矢量振幅信息，并提供裂缝预测的精度.  相似文献   

天津滨海爆炸事件检测与相对定位研究     

邓莉  谭毅培  刘双庆  马婷  卞真付  曹井泉 《地震》2018,38(3):158-169

2015年8月12日发生在天津滨海新区的化学品爆炸事故造成了严重的人员伤亡和财产损失。 基于区域地震台网记录的数字化连续地震波形资料, 对爆炸发生过程的精细分析是深入调查爆炸事故发生原因、 快速估计事故所造成灾害与损失的重要手段之一。 本文首先利用震相到时和质点运动轨迹信息对记录波形中能量较强的震相性质进行分析, 再通过模板匹配算法检测爆炸过程中是否存在两次大爆炸以外的小爆炸事件, 并对检测方法的效能进行检验, 最后依据波形互相关得到的震相到时差估计两次较大爆炸的相对位置。 计算结果显示区域台网记录波形中能量最大的体波震相可能为沿沉积层顶部传播的Pg震相, 垂直向能量最强的面波震相为Rg震相, 而能量较弱的初至震相可能为结晶基底首波; 爆炸过程中除了两次能量较大的爆炸以外还能检测到两次较小的爆炸事件, 其当量相当于约M_L0.5的地震; 基于两次大爆炸Pg震相相对到时信息得到第二次大爆炸发生在第一次大爆炸的北西侧, 两次爆炸位置距离约50~55 m。 本文研究结果为爆炸事故的调查分析提供了地震学依据。  相似文献   

New constraints on granulite facies metamorphism and melt production in the Lewisian Complex,northwest Scotland          下载免费PDF全文

Yves Feisel  Richard W. White  Richard M. Palin  Tim E. Johnson 《Journal of Metamorphic Geology》2018,36(6):799-819

In this study, we investigate the metamorphic history of the Assynt and Gruinard blocks of the Archean Lewisian Complex, northwest Scotland, which are considered by some to represent discrete crustal terranes. For samples of mafic and intermediate rocks, phase diagrams were constructed in the Na₂O–CaO–K₂O–FeO–MgO–Al₂O₃–SiO₂–H₂O–TiO₂–O₂ (NCKFMASHTO) system using whole‐rock compositions. Our results indicate that all samples equilibrated at similar peak metamorphic conditions of ~8–10 kbar and ~900–1,000°C, consistent with field evidence for in situ partial melting and the classic interpretation of the central region of the Lewisian Complex as representing a single crustal block. Melt‐reintegration modelling was employed in order to estimate probable protolith compositions. Phase equilibria calculated for these modelled undepleted precursors match well with those determined for a subsolidus amphibolite from Gairloch in the southern region of the Lewisian Complex. Both subsolidus lithologies exhibit similar phase relations and potential melt fertility, with both expected to produce orthopyroxene‐bearing hornblende granulites, with or without garnet, at the conditions inferred for the Badcallian metamorphic peak. For fully hydrated protoliths, prograde melting is predicted to first occur at ~620°C and ~9.5 kbar, with up to 45% partial melt predicted to form at peak conditions in a closed‐system environment. Partial melts calculated for both compositions between 610 and 1,050°C are mostly trondhjemitic. Although the melt‐reintegrated granulite is predicted to produce more potassic (granitic) melts at ~700–900°C, the modelled melts are consistent with the measured compositions of felsic sheets from the central region Lewisian Complex.  相似文献   

纳滤分离铝锂过程研究          下载免费PDF全文

高琳  王怀有  赵有璟  王敏 《盐湖研究》2020,28(2)

本文探讨了纳滤分离Al~(3+)和Li~+的可行性,研究了含盐量和铝锂比对分离效率的影响,提出了从锂云母浸出液中分离回收锂的新方法。实验结果表明,纳滤膜对Al~(3+)和Li~+的截留率随含盐量的升高而降低,其中Li~+始终呈现负浓度梯度扩散的趋势,而Al~(3+)的截留率始终稳定在99%以上。当含盐量为45 g/L时,铝锂分离因子最高可达248.33,膜面相应Zeta电位的绝对值达到最大。随着溶液中铝锂比的变化,Al~(3+)和Li~+的截留率分别在不同铝锂比的条件下出现拐点,溶液的pH呈现先下降后上升最后下降的复杂趋势。本实验研究发现,DK膜能够在酸性环境下实现高效的铝锂分离和锂的浓缩,从而为锂云母浸出液中锂的提取提供新的思路。  相似文献   

载波/多普勒平滑伪距在Android手机中的定位实现     

张书维  高井祥  赵龙  李增科 《测绘通报》2020,(4):63-67

针对Android手机GNSS伪距定位精度较低的问题，利用手机端观测信息，通过载波相位/多普勒平滑伪距改善手机端伪距观测值的质量，从而达到提高定位精度的效果。首先给出了Android手机GNSS原始观测量的获取方法，然后推导了载波相位平滑伪距和多普勒平滑伪距算法模型，并设计合理有效的试验对算法的精度进行评定。试验结果表明：在手机端静态定位中载波相位和多普勒平滑算法均可提高原始伪距的定位精度，且多普勒平滑算法表现更优；在手机端动态定位中多普勒平滑算法可获得比原始伪距更优的定位精度，但是载波相位平滑算法较原始伪距更差；由于硬件的制约手机端周跳和信号失锁严重，占比超过50%，载波相位在手机端的可用性较低；多普勒平滑算法的最优平滑时间常数小于等于10 s，具有实时动态定位的巨大潜力。  相似文献   

区域地震台网历史震相数据整合与共享服务     

刘伟  王庆良  王丽艳  柴旭超  王文青  朱飞鸿 《地震地磁观测与研究》2020,41(5):200-208

区域地震台网震相数据是区域地震台网产出的重要成果，是开展地球科学研究的重要资料。整理全国31个省份1973-2008年区域地震台网纸质震相报告和地震卡片，按统一格式录入震相数据，建立数据共享服务系统。文中系统阐述区域地震台网的发展过程、历史震相数据的整合、地震观测报告的主要内容及震级的测定方法，并介绍了历史震相数据共享服务系统和快速索引下载方法，为科研人员提供共享服务。  相似文献