Investigation of the elevation of saltwater wedge due to subsurface dams     

Qinpeng Chang  Tianyuan Zheng  Youyuan Chen  Xilai Zheng  Marc Walther 《水文研究》2020,34(22):4251-4261

Subsurface dams are rather effective and used for the prevention of saltwater intrusion in coastal regions around the world. We carried out the laboratory experiments to investigate the elevation of saltwater wedge after the construction of subsurface dams. The elevation of saltwater wedge refers to the upward movement of the downstream saltwater wedge because the subsurface dams obstruct the regional groundwater flow and reduce the freshwater discharge. Consequently, the saltwater wedge cannot further extend in the longitudinal direction but rises in the vertical profile resulting in significant downstream aquifer salinization. In order to quantitatively address this issue, field-scale numerical simulations were conducted to explore the influence of various dam heights, distances, and hydraulic gradients on the elevation of saltwater wedge. Our investigation shows that the upward movement of the saltwater wedge and its areal extension in the vertical domain of the downstream aquifer become more severe with a higher dam and performed a great dependence on the freshwater discharge. Furthermore, the increase of the hydraulic gradient and the dam distance from the sea boundary leads to a more pronounced wedge elevation. This phenomenon comes from the variation of the freshwater discharge due to the modification of dam height, location, and hydraulic gradient. Large freshwater discharge can generate greater repulsive force to restrain the elevation of saltwater wedge. These conclusions provide theoretical references for the behaviour of the freshwater–seawater interface after the construction of subsurface dams and help optimize the design strategy to better utilize the coastal groundwater resources.  相似文献   

基于GeoStudio的边坡稳定性分析及支护方案选择的理论探讨     

何保  宋帅 《地质与勘探》2019,55(5):1329-1335

本文选择大连市中山区长利巷地区的边坡,通过现场采取岩土样,进行室内试验得出各地层力学物理参数,对边坡进行稳定性分析。针对目前所拥有的模拟软件与方法,分析并筛选出适合该边坡的模拟软件。利用GeoStudio软件建模、模拟,使用Morgenstern-Price方法进行计算,通过分析得到计算结果,该边坡的安全安全系数为1. 127,认为其属于不稳定边坡。对于不稳定边坡,本文对主流的边坡支护方法进行分析筛选,拟采用扶壁式挡土墙支护方案对其进行预防。根据规范设计挡土墙尺寸,并对该挡土墙进行抗倾覆抗滑移验算,得出的验算安全系数满足规范要求,由此可得知该支护方案方法合理,技术可行。  相似文献   

Experimental study on a sampling technique based on a freeze-sediments valve for deep-sea microorganism     

《Applied Ocean Research》2019

Deep-sea microorganism research has become a hot topic in life science, owing to its special value in high pressure and low temperature environment. If not kept the in-situ low temperature and high pressure, it will cause the microorganism to lose its activity and lead to a waste of resources. A freeze-sediments valve presents a promising solution to maintain the low temperature and high pressure in situ, improve the success rate of sampling and shorten the sampling time. A series of experiments were conducted to characterize the freeze-sediments valve, including the sampling time without leakage, adaptation to different sediments and the effect of the length, etc. Most important of all, temperature change of sediments is observed in all experiments. Experimental results indicated that the freeze-sediments valve was formed in 5 min without leakage and the freeze-sediments valve could be applied to different sediments without limitations on sediments type and mineral content. Considering the pressure retaining capacity and formation time of freeze-sediments valve, it was found that the freeze-sediments valve with a length of 60–80 mm has good pressure retaining capacity whose value was 41.3–48.4 Mpa and short formation time which was 5 min. Precooling the sampler could be used to shorten the sampling time in the actual environment application. This sampling technique can play a vital role in maintaining in-situ low temperature at −2 to −4 ° Celsius in all the experiments. According to the tests, the sampling technique based on the freeze-sediments valve had the potential to solve the problem of keeping in-situ temperature, low sampling success rate and long sampling time in the future.  相似文献   

Beaver dam analogues drive heterogeneous groundwater–surface water interactions     

Jeffrey Wade  Laura Lautz  Christa Kelleher  Philippe Vidon  Julianne Davis  Julio Beltran  Casey Pearce 《水文研究》2020,34(26):5340-5353

Beaver dam analogues (BDAs) are a cost-effective stream restoration approach that leverages the recognized environmental benefits of natural beaver dams on channel stability and local hydrology. Although natural beaver dams are known to exert considerable influence on the hydrologic conditions of a stream system by mediating geomorphic processes, nutrient cycling, and groundwater–surface water interactions, the impacts of beaver-derived restoration methods on groundwater–surface water exchange are poorly characterized. To address this deficit, we monitored hyporheic exchange fluxes and streambed porewater biogeochemistry across a sequence of BDAs installed along a central Wyoming stream during the summer of 2019. Streambed fluxes were quantified by heat tracing methods and vertical hydraulic gradients. Biogeochemical activity was evaluated using major ion porewater chemistry and principal component analysis. Vertical fluxes of approximately 1.0 m/day were observed around the BDAs, as was the development of spatially heterogeneous zones of nitrate production, groundwater upwelling, and anaerobic reduction. Strong contrasts in hyporheic zone processes were observed across BDAs of differing sizes. This suggests that structures may function with size-dependent behaviour, only altering groundwater–surface water interactions after a threshold hydraulic step height is exceeded. Patterns of hyporheic exchange and biogeochemical cycling around the studied BDAs resemble those around natural beaver dams, suggesting that BDAs may provide comparable benefits to channel complexity and near-stream function over a 1-year period.  相似文献   

X波段高分辨率SAR数据土石坝表面相干性时序变化分析     

单强  姜卫平  李陶  陈露璐 《测绘通报》2020,(10):1-5

本文以深圳公明水库6个中小型土石坝为试验区，利用10景1 m分辨率升降轨X波段TerraSAR影像和坝体附近连续气象站的降雨量数据，研究了坝体表面相干性的时序变化与雷达本地入射角及降雨的关系。试验结果表明，混凝土面板和草坡平均相干性均会随本地入射角增加而减小，同时，草坡表面平均相干性在有微小降雨的情况下就会快速下降0.1~0.2，差分干涉图的噪声增大；混凝土面板对微小的降雨敏感度小，但是在暴雨情况下将导致其表面完全失相干。上述结果表明，针对中小土石坝坡体变形监测应当顾及坝体的坡度及入射角选择合适的雷达成像参数，同时应充分利用降雨资料评估干涉图失相干情况，剔除噪声数据。  相似文献   

极端条件下心墙泥浆料的渗透反滤试验研究     

左永振  赵娜 《岩土力学》2020,41(2):520-526

高土石心墙坝的渗透稳定性在很大程度上依赖于反滤层对心墙料的反滤保护作用。心墙在大坝蓄水和长期运行的条件下，要经历复杂的填筑加载、浸水饱和与水荷载的作用，在差异沉降、复杂结构应力作用、水力劈裂和渗透水流作用下，心墙一旦出现裂缝，其渗透稳定性及反滤层的保护作用就将面临严峻的考验。针对这一问题，设计了专门非常规的抛填土料反滤试验和泥浆渗透反滤试验，模拟心墙裂缝条件下其颗粒被冲刷起动后，被反滤料阻挡和淤积过程。试验结果表明，心墙料和反滤料满足反滤准则条件下，心墙颗粒被拦截和淤积在反滤层上游表面，反滤料能有效防止心墙颗粒的流失，反滤层在极端条件下对心墙料仍能起到有效的反滤保护作用。  相似文献   

Response of A Gravel - Bed River To Dam Closure: Insights From Sediment Transport Processes And Channel Morphodynamics     

A. Brenna  N. Surian  L. Mao 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2020,45(3):756-770

This work deals with the impacts of dams on large gravel -bed rivers in terms of altering coarse transport regimes and the relationship with river morphodynamics. Using data collected by a tracer -based monitoring programme carried out in a 4 -km -long study sector of the Parma River (Italy), located downstream from a relatively recently established dam, we applied a virtual velocity approach to estimate the coarse bed material load at four river cross -sections. Monitoring and calculation results provided new insights into the impacts of the dam on streambed material mobility and the sediment regime over the 17 -month calculation period. A longitudinal gradient of effects was observed along the study sector. Sections located closer to the dam are characterized by more evident impacts due to deficits in coarse sediment input from upstream. Sediment mobility here is strongly altered, especially in the highly armoured main channel, and the overall bed material load is extremely low. A partial recovery of sediment dynamics was observed at the sections located further from the dam, where estimates indicate higher sediment yield. The observed longitudinal trend in the coarse sediment transport regime matches the morphology, as the river shifts downstream from a sinuous configuration with alternate bars to a wandering one. The novel insights into alteration of coarse sediment dynamics and the relationship with river morphodynamics are potentially applicable to many other fluvial contexts affected by similar impoundments. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

加筋土挡墙变形特性研究进展          下载免费PDF全文

李思汉  蔡晓光  景立平  刘巍巍 《世界地震工程》2019,35(4):114-124

从理论研究、模型试验、数值模拟和实地调查四方面评述了国内外加筋土挡墙变形特性的研究成果。理论研究方面分析并归纳了研究方法和挡墙变形计算公式；模型试验和数值模拟介绍了已有的静、动力模型试验成果和常用的数值模拟方法。实地调查介绍了现有调查结论及部分规范、标准规定的位移限值。通过4种方式的研究情况介绍，指出了当前加筋土挡墙变形特性研究中存在的一些不足，并进一步阐述了今后的研究方向。  相似文献   

Reconstructing historic Glacial Lake Outburst Floods through numerical modelling and geomorphological assessment: Extreme events in the Himalaya          下载免费PDF全文

Matthew J. Westoby  Neil F. Glasser  Michael J. Hambrey  James Brasington  John M. Reynolds  Mohamed A. A. M. Hassan 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2014,39(12):1675-1692

Recession of high‐mountain glaciers in response to climatic change frequently results in the development of moraine‐dammed glacial lakes. Moraine dam failure is often accompanied by the release of large volumes of water and sediment, termed a Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF). Chukhung Glacier is a small (~3 km²) receding valley glacier in Mt. Everest (Sagarmatha) National Park, Nepal. Unlike many Himalayan glaciers, which possess a thick mantle of supraglacial debris, its surface is relatively clean. The glacier terminus has receded 1.3 km from its maximum Holocene position, and in doing so provided the space for an ice‐contact moraine‐dammed lake to develop. The lake had a maximum volume of 5.5 × 10⁵ m³ and drained as a result of breaching of the terminal moraine. An estimated 1.3 × 10⁵ m³ of material was removed from the terminal moraine during breach development. Numerical dam‐breach modelling, implemented within a Generalised Likelihood Uncertainty Estimation (GLUE) framework, was used to investigate a range of moraine‐dam failure scenarios. Reconstructed outflow peak discharges, including failure via overtopping and piping mechanisms, are in the range 146–2200 m³ s^‐1. Results from two‐dimensional hydrodynamic GLOF modelling indicate that maximum local flow depths may have exceeded 9 m, with maximum flow velocities exceeding 20 m s^‐1 within 700 m of the breach. The floodwaters mobilised a significant amount of material, sourced mostly from the expanding breach, forming a 300 m long and 100 m wide debris fan originating at the breach exit. moraine‐dam. These results also suggest that inundation of the entire floodplain may have been achieved within ten minutes of initial breach development, suggesting that debris fan development was rapid. We discuss the key glaciological and geomorphological factors that have determined the evolution of a hazardous moraine‐dammed lake complex and the subsequent generation of a GLOF and its geomorphological impact. © 2014 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.  相似文献   

Full-scale experimental modal analysis of an arch dam: The first experience in Iran     

《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》2014

Forced vibration field tests and finite-element studies were conducted on the Shahid Rajaee concrete arch dam in Northern Iran to determine the dynamic properties of the dam–reservoir–foundation system. The first forced vibration tests on the dam were performed with two different types of exciter units, with a limited maximum force, bolted on the dam crest for alternative in-phase and out-of-phase sequencing. Because of an insufficient number of recording sensors, two arrangements of sensors were used to cover sufficient points on the dam crest and one gallery during tests. Two kinds of vibration tests, on–off and frequency sweeping, were carried out on the dam. The primary natural frequencies of the coupled system for both symmetric and anti-symmetric vibration modes were approximated during on–off tests in two types of sequencing of exciters, in phase and out-of-phase, with a maximum frequency of 14 Hz. The principal forced vibration tests were performed at precise resonant frequencies based on the results of the on–off tests in which sweeping around the approximated frequencies at 0.1 Hz increments was performed. Baseline correction and suitable bandpass filtering were applied to the test records and then signal processing was carried out to compute the auto power, cross power and coherence spectra. Nine middle modes of vibration of the coupled system and corresponding damping ratios were estimated. The empirical results are compared against the results from calibrated finite-element modeling of the system using former ambient vibration tests, considering the dam–reservoir–foundation interaction effects. Good agreement is obtained between experimental and numerical results for eight middle modes of the dam–reservoir–foundation system.  相似文献