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1.
克拉通是地球上最古老的大陆地块。克拉通之所以能够长期稳定存在,主要是因为它具有巨厚、刚性的岩石圈地幔。古老克拉通岩石圈地幔具有高度难熔(富Mg、贫Fe)的特点,其密度较下伏软流圈小,能够“漂浮”在软流圈之上而长期存在。古老克拉通岩石圈地幔是在地球早期壳幔分异之后形成的,其形成可能与大洋板块的俯冲作用密切相关。典型的克拉通没有大规模的火山活动和大地震,因此,传统理论认为克拉通是稳定的。然而,越来越多的研究表明,克拉通并非一成不变,它会被改造和破坏,从而失去稳定性。造成克拉通破坏的原因是大洋板块的俯冲作用。在大洋板块俯冲触发的地球深部动力学过程中,克拉通赖以稳定存在的刚性岩石圈地幔遭受改造和破坏,岩石圈地幔的物质组成和物理化学性质发生转变,进而导致克拉通的破坏。  相似文献   
2.
Studies of recorded ground motions and simulations have shown that deep sedimentary basins can greatly increase the intensity of earthquake ground motions within a period range of approximately 1–4 s, but the economic impacts of basin effects are uncertain. This paper estimates key economic indicators of seismic performance, expressed in terms of earthquake‐induced repair costs, using empirical and simulated seismic hazard characterizations that account for the effects of basins. The methodology used is general, but the estimates are made for a series of eight‐ to 24‐story residential reinforced concrete shear wall archetype buildings in Seattle, WA, whose design neglects basin effects. All buildings are designed to comply with code‐minimum requirements (i.e., reference archetypes), as well as a series of design enhancements, which include (a) increasing design forces, (b) decreasing drift limits, and (c) a combination of these strategies. As an additional reference point, a performance‐based design is also assessed. The performance of the archetype buildings is evaluated for the seismic hazard level in Seattle according to the 2018 National Seismic Hazard Model (2018 NSHM), which explicitly considers basin effects. Inclusion of basin effects results in an average threefold increase in annualized losses for all archetypes. Incorporating physics‐based ground motion simulations to represent the large‐magnitude Cascadia subduction interface earthquake contribution to the hazard results in a further increase of 22% relative to the 2018 NSHM. The most effective of the design strategies considered combines a 25% increase in strength with a reduction in drift limits to 1.5%.  相似文献   
3.
利用国家测震台网固定台站和“中国地震科学台阵探测”项目在南北地震带北段布设的宽频带流动台阵记录到的极远震事件,通过SS前驱波震相研究,获得了阿留申—阿拉斯加俯冲带东段及邻区下方410 km和660 km间断面的埋深和起伏形态特征.为增强对SS前驱波震相的识别,我们采用了时差校正和共反射点叠加分析.叠加结果显示,毗邻阿留申俯冲带的白令海、阿拉斯加半岛、以及阿拉斯加中南部和东部地区下方,410 km和660 km间断面的埋深基本呈正相关关系,因而具有正常的过渡带厚度.这表明在阿留申—阿拉斯加俯冲带东段,北太平洋板块还没有俯冲到地幔过渡带深度范围内.其次,在阿拉斯加西部地区下方,660 km间断面出现明显下沉,而上覆的410 km间断面埋深接近于全球平均值,从而导致过渡带明显加厚.据此,我们推测在阿拉斯加西部地区下方地幔过渡带底部可能存在库拉残留板块.  相似文献   
4.
We present a new tectonic map focused upon the extensional style accompanying the formation of the Tyrrhenian back‐arc basin. Our basin‐wide analysis synthetizes the interpretation of vintage multichannel and single‐channel seismic profiles, integrated with modern seismic images, P‐wave velocity models, and high‐resolution morpho‐bathymetric data. Four distinct evolutionary phases of the Tyrrhenian back‐arc basin opening are further constrained, redefining the initial opening to Langhian/Serravallian time. Listric and planar normal faults and their conjugates bound a series of horst and graben, half‐graben and triangular basins. Distribution of extensional faults, active throughout the basin since Middle Miocene, allows us to define an arrangement of faults in the northern/central Tyrrhenian mainly related to a pure shear which evolved to a simple shear opening. At depth, faults accommodate over a Ductile‐Brittle Transitional zone cut by a low‐angle detachment fault. In the southern Tyrrhenian, normal, inverse and transcurrent faults appear to be related to a large shear zone located along the continental margin of the northern Sicily. Extensional style variation throughout the back‐arc basin combined with wide‐angle seismic velocity models allows to explore the relationships between shallow deformation, faults distribution throughout the basin, and crustal‐scale processes as thinning and exhumation.  相似文献   
5.
Solander Basin is characterized by subduction initiation at the Pacific‐Australia plate boundary, where high biological productivity is found at the northern edge of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. Sedimentary architecture results from tectonic influences on accommodation space, sediment supply and ocean currents (via physiography); and climate influence on ocean currents and biological productivity. We present the first seismic‐stratigraphic analysis of Solander Basin based on high‐fold seismic‐reflection data (voyage MGL1803, SISIE). Solander Trough physiography formed by Eocene rifting, but basinal strata are mostly younger than ca. 17 Ma, when we infer Puysegur Ridge formed and sheltered Solander Basin from bottom currents, and mountain growth onshore increased sediment supply. Initial inversion on the Tauru Fault started at ca. 15 Ma, but reverse faulting from 12 to ca. 8 Ma on both the Tauru and Parara Faults was likely associated with reorganization and formation of the subduction thrust. The new seabed topography forced sediment pathways to become channelized at low points or antecedent gorges. Since 5 Ma, southern Puysegur Ridge and Fiordland mountains spread out towards the east and Solander Anticline grew in response to ongoing subduction and growth of a slab. Solander Basin had high sedimentation rates because (1) it is sheltered from bottom currents by Puysegur Ridge; and (2) it has a mountainous land area that supplies sediment to its northern end. Sedimentary architecture is asymmetric due to the Subtropical Front, which moves pelagic and hemi‐pelagic sediment, including dilute parts of gravity flows, eastward and accretes contourites to the shelf south of Stewart Island. Levees, scours, drifts and ridges of folded sediment characterize western Solander Basin, whereas hemi‐pelagic drape and secondary gravity flows are found east of the meandering axial Solander Channel. The high‐resolution record of climate and tectonics that Solander Basin contains may yield excellent sites for future scientific ocean drilling.  相似文献   
6.
全球多地蛇绿岩型地幔橄榄岩和铬铁矿中发现微粒金刚石,并在中国西藏南部和俄罗斯乌拉尔北部的蛇绿岩铬铁矿中发现原位产出的金刚石,认为是地球上金刚石的一种新的产出类型,不同于金伯利岩型金刚石和超高压变质型金刚石。它们与呈斯石英假象的柯石英、高压相的铬铁矿和青松矿等高压矿物以及碳硅石和单质矿物等强还原矿物伴生,指示蛇绿岩中的这些矿物组合形成于深度150~300 km或者更深的地幔。金刚石具有很轻的C同位素组成(δ13C-18‰~-28‰),并出现多种含Mn矿物和壳源成分包裹体。研究认为它们曾是早期深俯冲的地壳物质,达到>300 km深部地幔或地幔过渡带后,经历了熔融并产生新的流体,后者在上升过程中结晶成新的超高压、强还原矿物组合,通过地幔对流或地幔柱作用被带回到浅部地幔,由此建立了一个俯冲物质深地幔再循环的新模式。蛇绿岩型地幔橄榄岩和铬铁矿中发现金刚石等深部矿物,质疑了蛇绿岩铬铁矿形成于浅部地幔的已有认识,引发了一系列新的科学问题,提出了新的研究方向。   相似文献   
7.
位于青藏高原东北缘的秦岭造山带在大地构造上南接扬子地块、北接华北地块,是特提斯构造域和古亚洲洋构造域的转换带。本文基于对一条起始于扬子地块,穿过秦岭造山带和鄂尔多斯地块,到达河套地堑的南北向大地电磁测深剖面的研究,探讨秦岭造山带和其北侧的鄂尔多斯地块、南侧的扬子地块之间的接触关系,以及青藏高原物质东北向逃逸等地学问题。对实测数据进行了张量阻抗分解和维性分析等工作,并对剖面进行了二维反演,获得岩石圈电性结构模型。根据电阻率模型认为:在秦岭造山带北部发现大规模"瓶颈状"分布的低阻异常体(C2),可能为华北、华南地块双向俯冲前缘地幔物质的上涌通道,或者是青藏高原中、下地壳物质沿秦岭造山带中构造薄弱位置向东逃逸的通道;在秦岭造山带和大巴山弧形带边界处发现南倾的低阻异常(C1),解释为大巴山弧形带北缘的逆冲断裂在电性上的反映;电性结构模型中,扬子地块高阻异常体(R2、R3和R4)向北倾斜至秦岭造山带下方,而北部鄂尔多斯地块的高阻异常体(R5和R6)向南倾斜至秦岭造山带下方;高阻异常通常被认为是稳定岩石圈的反映,据此推断这两组相向俯冲至秦岭造山带下方的高阻异常是华北地块和扬子地块向秦岭造山带下方汇聚的电性结构探测依据;鄂尔多斯地块南、北电性差异较大,北部中、下地壳大规模分布电阻率值在3~100Ω·m之间的低阻异常体,可能为地幔上涌导致的局部熔融或含盐流体共同作用的结果。  相似文献   
8.
Within the Variscan Orogen, Early Devonian and Late Devonian high‐P belts separated by mid‐Devonian ophiolites can be interpreted as having formed in a single subduction zone. Early Devonian convergence nucleated a Laurussia‐dipping subduction zone from an inherited lithospheric neck (peri‐Gondwanan Cambrian back‐arc). Slab‐retreat induced upper plate extension, mantle incursion and lower plate thermal softening, favouring slab‐detachment within the lower plate and diapiric exhumation of deep‐seated rocks through the overlying mantle up to relaminate the upper plate. Upper plate extension produced mid‐Devonian suprasubduction ocean floor spreading (Devonian ophiolites), while further convergence resulted in plate coupling and intraoceanic ophiolite imbrication. Accretion of the remaining Cambrian ocean heralded Late Devonian subduction of inner sections of Gondwana across the same subduction zone and the underthrusting of mainland Gondwana (culmination of NW Iberian allochthonous pile). Oblique convergence favoured lateral plate sliding, and explained the different lateral positions along Gondwana of terranes separated by Palaeozoic ophiolites.  相似文献   
9.
由于缺少对SSZ型蛇绿岩和洋内弧火成岩的系统研究,制约了古亚洲洋东段古生代洋内俯冲过程的进一步认识。本文报道了内蒙古迪彦庙SSZ型蛇绿岩带北部新发现的巴嘎哈尔早石炭世闪长岩。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年显示,巴嘎哈尔闪长岩的侵位年龄为324.2±1.8 Ma,其形成时代为早石炭世末期。巴嘎哈尔闪长岩SiO2含量为57.71%~61.24%;高铝(Al2O3含量为15.58%~16.68%);具有相对富钠(Na2O含量为3.29%~4.15%)、低钾(K2O含量为1.05%~1.69%)的特征,Na2O/K2O比值为2.18~3.95;MgO含量较高(3.30%~4.23%),Mg#为47.20~51.82;贫TiO2(0.65%~0.76%)和P2O5(0.14%~0.15%);稀土元素总量(ΣREE为85.19×10-6  相似文献   
10.
大地震在哪里发生是地震预报首先要解决的问题.利用反演GNSS观测数据得到的2011年日本东北9级大地震前7年(2004—2010年)断层上的应力变化,我们发现了这次地震断层的孕震区.为了进一步研究该孕震区的演化过程,本文继续反演这次大地震在1997—2003年间的断层应力变化过程.通过这两期的反演工作,我们看到,在这14年中,断层应力的年变化图案的主要特征基本是稳定的,并存在明显的应力增加区和降低区.前者与地震的破裂区吻合,后者与前震、重复小地震和无震滑动的区域一致.显著的剪切应力增加区不但与主震,而且还与大余震的破裂区相符合.我们发现断层面上高应力积累区的零剪应力和零正应力变化的等值线不重合,前者在断层面上的深度大于后者,这意味着在剪应力增加区存在着正应力降低区或剪切强度降低区(由于剪切强度与正应力成正比).断层初始破裂点似乎更偏好零正应力等值线附近的位置,这是因为该处不但靠近剪切强度降低区,而且位于剪应力积累最显著的地方.研究结果表明,正应力变化对大地震的初始破裂有影响;本文所使用的断层应力变化反演方法,可以用来作为预测大地震发生位置的一种手段.  相似文献   
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