Thin-section analysis as a tool to aid identification of palaeoearthquakes on the “slow”, active Geleen Fault, Roer Valley Graben     

Kris Vanneste  Florias Mees  Koen Verbeeck   《Tectonophysics》2008,453(1-4):94

We analyzed thin sections from two palaeoseismic trenches across the low-slip-rate Geleen Fault in the Belgian Maas River valley to help identifying the most recent large palaeoearthquake on this fault segment. In the first trench we sampled silty sediment below and above a prehistoric stone pavement that was supposedly at or near the surface at the time of the event, and subsequently thrown down. The samples below show a well-developed in situ argillic Bt soil horizon in parent sediment containing remnants of stratification, whereas the sediment above is a structureless colluvium reworked at least partly from Bt-horizon material. Below the stone pavement, we also found evidence of contorted stratification, which is in agreement with macroscopic observations of both the sediment and the stone pavement itself, and which is attributed to co-seismic soft-sediment deformation. In the second trench, we sampled a sequence of vaguely discernible soil horizons in the hanging-wall, interpreted as a buried soil profile (Bt, E, and possibly A horizons), overlain by a featureless deposit. Thin-section analysis supports the colluvial nature of the latter, and also provides evidence that both the base of this layer and the top of the poorly developed A horizon below have occupied a shallow position in a soil profile. A sample from the same depth in the footwall is composed of very different material. Instead of colluvium, we find patches of Bt soil, most likely representing the same pedogenic level as the in situ Bt horizon at larger depth in the hanging-wall, but displaced and subsequently degraded. Furthermore, thin sections confirm that vertical structures cutting this Bt horizon are sand dykes. These dykes could be traced macroscopically upward to the base of the colluvium. In both trenches, we have thus identified a stratigraphic boundary in the hanging-wall, close to the surface, separating an in situ soil below from colluvium above. We interpret this limit and the overlying colluvium as the event horizon and the colluvial wedge, respectively, of a surface-rupturing palaeoearthquake. In addition, in both cases we found evidence of soft-sediment deformation (related to liquefaction) contemporaneous with the event within the stratigraphic resolution.  相似文献   

Deformation Patterns of an Accretionary Wedge in the Transition Zone from Subduction to Collision Offshore Southwestern Taiwan   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Char-Shine Liu  Benoit Deffontaines  Chia-Yu Lu  Serge Lallemand 《Marine Geophysical Researches》2004,25(1-2):123-137

Swath bathymetry data and seismic reflection profiles have been used to investigate details of the deformation pattern in the area offshore southwestern Taiwan where the Luzon subduction complex encroaches on the passive Chinese continental margin. Distinctive fold-and-thrust structures of the convergent zone and horst-and-graben structures of the passive margin are separated by a deformation front that extends NNW-ward from the eastern edge of the Manila Trench to the foot of the continental slope. This deformation front gradually turns into a NNE–SSW trending direction across the continental slope and the Kaoping Shelf, and connects to the frontal thrusts of the mountain belt on land Taiwan. However, the complex Penghu submarine canyon system blurs the exact location of the deformation front and nature of many morphotectonic features offshore SW Taiwan. We suggest that the deformation front offshore SW Taiwan does not appear as a simple structural line, but is characterized by a series of N–S trending folds and thrusts that terminate sequentially in an en-echelon pattern across the passive Chinese continental slope. A number of NE–SW trending lineaments cut across the fold-and-thrust structures of the frontal accretionary wedge and exhibit prominent dextral displacement indicative of the lateral expulsion of SW Taiwan. One of the prominent lineaments, named the Yung-An lineament, forms the southeastern boundary of the upper part of the Penghu submarine canyon, and has conspicuous influence over the drainage pattern of the canyon  相似文献   

Environmental characteristics of the Mandovi-Zuari estuarine system in Goa   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

S.Z. Qasim  R. Sen Gupta 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》1981,13(5):557-578

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A north-south section across the Queyras Schistes lustrés (Piedmont zone, Western Alps): Syn-collision refolding of a subduction wedge     

Pierre Tricart  Stephane Schwartz 《Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae》2006,99(3):429-442

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非海相沉积层序的成因和构型特征   总被引：4，自引：2，他引：4  

李继红  魏魁生  厉大亮  张守鹏  郝运轻  邱以刚 《沉积学报》2002,20(3):409-415

根据东部盆地的地质、地球物理特征,初步对非海相层序地层学应用研究进行了总结.非海相沉积层序的形成要素,既有外旋回、又有自旋回,构造和气候因素很重要,强调了环境因素.沉积基准面在海上为海平面,在陆上为潜水面、湖平面、河流平衡剖面.相对基准面的周期性变化引起了可容纳空间的周期性变化,并由之形成了一系列旋回式的层序.大多数情况下内陆基准面的变化不受海平面变化的控制,在全球最大海泛期有某种联系.湖盆小而沉积速率高,形成层序的频率高于海相.以沾化凹陷为依据,提出了5种层序构型特征:冲积-河湖型,(半)盐湖-淡水湖泊过渡型,海流-深湖型,半深湖-缓坡型,河流-冲积平原型.在盆地主要发育期,断阶式坡折对沉积体系有明显的控制作用.除低水位扇外,低水位楔是构成隐蔽圈闭或复合圈闭的有利场所。  相似文献   

Recycling in the Puerto Rican mantle wedge, Greater Antilles Island Arc     

Wayne T. Jolly  Edward G. Lidiak  Alan P. Dickin  Tsai-Way Wu 《Island Arc》2002,11(1):10-24

Abstract The initial volcanic phase of Cretaceous island arc strata in central Puerto Rico, at the eastern end of the extinct Greater Antilles Arc, comprises a 6‐km thick pile of lava and volcanic breccia (Río Majada Group). Preserved within the sequence is a conspicuous shift in absolute abundances of the more incompatible elements, including Th, Nb, and the light rare earth elements (LREE: La, Ce, Pr and Nd). The compositional shift is marked by a decrease in La/Sm from averages of 2.11 in the lowest third of the pile (Formation A) to 1.48 at the top (Formation C), and by a distinctive flattening of LREE segments of chondrite‐normalized REE patterns. i⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr and ?_Nd average about 0.7035 and 8.2, respectively, in early Formation A basalts. These ranges normally overlap samples from later Formations B and C. Isotope compositions of the latter group are more variable, however, and several samples are considerably more radiogenic than Formation A basalts, such that i⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr averages almost 0.7042 while ?_Nd‐values decrease to 7.5 in Formation B and C basalts. Theoretical models of non‐modal melting processes in both amphibole peridotite and spinel lherzolite sources provide insight into the origin of depleted Th, Nb, and LREE abundances in Puerto Rican basalts. Low Nb concentrations less than normal mid‐oceanic ridge basalts in Formation A basalts indicate the wedge was slightly depleted by low‐volume decompression fusion due to induced convection in the back‐arc region prior to entry of the source into the arc melting zone. However, depleted patterns in Formation C basalts cannot be generated by relatively greater degrees of decompression fusion in the back‐arc, because addition of the La‐enriched slab‐derived component to more depleted source material invariably produces elevated rather than decreased La/Sm. Refluxing of Formation A harzburgitic residua is similarly precluded. In contrast, the observed patterns are readily reproduced by multistage melting models involving hybridized sources containing normal Formation A lherzolite source material blended with recycled, unrefluxed harzburgite residua. Successful models require hybrid sources containing large volumes of recycled harzburgite (up to 50%) during generation of Formation C basalts. Slightly elevated radiometric Sr and Nd isotopes in a few flows from Formation C are attributed to partial refluxing of the hybrid sources within the wedge.  相似文献   

俯冲-增生型造山带增生楔流体研究进展   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

闫臻  王宗起  阎全人  王涛 《地质科技情报》2003,22(1):7-12

俯冲－增生型造山带弧前增生楔流体的特点为：盐度低、氯化物含量异常低，并含有丰富的CO2和CH4。流体以扩散式或沿断层带渠道式活动；泥火山、张裂隙充填脉、碳酸盐壳、深海生物群是流体活动的直接体现；流体活动影响着增生楔的内部结构和构造样式；增生楔中流体活动特征的研究对研究造山带的地质演化及矿床成因具有重要意义。  相似文献   

楚雄盆地下侏罗统磨拉石楔沉积与含油性研究   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1  

朱同兴  尹福光  蒲心纯  苟汉成  周明辉  张贵权 《沉积与特提斯地质》1997,17(2):11-23

楚雄盆地为一中生代周缘型走滑前陆盆地，通过对下侏罗统冯家河组沉积特征的详细研究与对比，作者认为早侏罗世是楚雄前陆盆地强烈坳陷与沉降的主要发展时期从早期到晚期经历了一个变深又变浅的典型前陆盆地充填过程。在前陆冲断块体的不断逆冲和加载条件下，楚雄盆地西部早侏罗世沉积物的来源主要为哀牢山造山带隆起，其沉积环境以滨，浅湖或湖泊三角洲为主。  相似文献   

Stability analysis of rock wedges with multiple sliding surfaces     

M. Mauldon  J. Ureta 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》1996,14(1):51-66

Summary Although wedge and plane sliding stability analyses are well established in the geotechnical literature, certain geologic environments produce blocks which cannot be adequately modelled as either wedges or plane slides. An example is blocks forming in cylindrically folded sedimentary rocks, where the surface of sliding is neither a single plane nor a double plane but is curved. This type of block may be idealized as a prismatic block with multiple sliding planes, all with parallel lines of intersection. If the sliding planes number three or more, the distribution of normal forces, and hence the factor of safety, is indeterminate. A new analytical model for sliding stability analysis is described in which the distribution of normal forces on the contact planes is chosen to minimize the potential energy of the system. The classic wedge and plane solutions are shown to be special cases of this more general model, which allows determination of the safety factor for any shape of prismatic contact surface. An example from Tennessee concerning a block with a curved sliding surface is described and the factor of safety compared with the standard wedge analysis. It is shown that with three or more contact planes, the safety factor may be significantly lower than that calculated from the wedge model, which provides an upper limit on stability.  相似文献   

长江中游洪水沉积特征与标志初步研究   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4       下载免费PDF全文

李长安  张玉芬 《水科学进展》2004,15(4):485-488

洪水记录是研究洪水规律的重要依据。通过对1998、1999、2002年长江中游洪水沉积物的系统观察、对比和研究,结果表明,长江中游洪泛沉积在沉积体形状、沉积结构和沉积物成分等方面,具有与正常河道沉积明显不同的特点,可为古洪水事件确定提供可能和依据。根据沉积环境的不同,长江中游洪泛沉积大致可分为3种类型:溃口洪水事件的沉积、滨岸带的洪水沉积和洪水漫滩沉积。进而对各种类型的沉积学特征进行了分析、归纳和总结,初步建立了其识别标志。  相似文献