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Algal organic materials (AOMs) are one critical factor affecting the efficiency of modified clays used for the mitigation of harmful algal blooms (HABs). This study was conducted to develop a deeper understanding of the mechanisms and factors affecting the adsorption of AOMs onto modified clays. Sodium alginate (polysaccharide) and kaolinite modified with polyaluminium chloride (PACl) were used as AOMs and modified clay model substances, respectively, and the effects of modifier dosage, contact time, solution pH and ionic strength were investigated through batch adsorption experiments. Kinetics revealed that the alginate adsorption rate was described well by a pseudo-second order model. PACl effectively enhanced the adsorption capacity of kaolinite and increased the adsorption rate, and the optimum additive amount of PACl was 5%. The experimental data fitted both the Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption equations well. The adsorption thermodynamics for alginate onto modified clays suggests that alginate adsorption is a spontaneous process. The adsorption of alginate onto modified clays was highly dependent on pH, with a decrease in adsorption observed with increased pH to 9.48, but the opposite was true above pH 9.48. Finally, adsorption increased with increasing ionic strength. 相似文献
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改性粘土法絮凝消除浮游微藻是我国迄今唯一得到大规模应用的有害赤潮应急处置方法,研发安全高效的改性粘土材料是该方法发展的重要方向之一。本文研究了双烷基聚氧乙烯基三季铵盐(DPQAC)与聚合氯化铝(PAC)复合改性粘土获得新材料DPQAC-PAC-MC在去离子水、海水及东海原甲藻藻液(Prorocentrum donghaiense)等不同介质中的絮凝行为,分析了水体中硫酸根离子和藻源胞外有机质(extracellular organic matters,EOMs)对其影响,探讨了该复合改性粘土高絮凝性能的成因与机制,为该类型改性粘土进一步增效优化及应用推广提供参考。研究结果表明,与双烷基聚氧乙烯基三季铵盐改性粘土(DPQAC-MC)、聚合氯化铝改性粘土(PAC-MC)等单组分改性粘土相比,DPQAC-PAC-MC表现出更强的絮凝能力,但在不同介质中其絮凝行为差异明显。其中,在藻液中形成的絮凝体颗粒更大、强度更高、再生能力更强、生长速度更快。介质中的硫酸根离子或胞外有机质都可促进DPQAC-PAC-MC的絮凝,并且具有最佳促凝浓度,硫酸根离子浓度为10-3mol/L,EOMs浓度为50%含量,在此浓度之前随浓度增加,絮凝体生长时间缩短、强度增加、絮凝效果提升;超过最佳浓度后,促凝效果随浓度的进一步增加而降低。对影响DPQAC-PAC-MC在藻液中絮凝行为的分析发现:(1)复合改性有效提高了颗粒的表面正电性,长链大分子增强了颗粒间的桥联聚结作用,从而增强了粘土颗粒的自身絮凝能力;(2)赤潮暴发水体中大量存在的硫酸根离子、EOMs可以进一步增效复合改性粘土颗粒的絮凝聚结能力。 相似文献
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以蒸馏法为基础, 研究了适合海水中铵盐稳定氮同位素分析的预处理方法。对蒸馏法预处理过程中的最佳蒸馏时间、沸石的选取、铵盐最适浓度范围等分别进行改进和优化, 获得稳定、高效的海水中铵盐氮稳定同位素分析预处理方法。结果表明: 最佳蒸馏时间为50 min, 铵盐的回收率为(97±5.8)%。测定了不同沸石对不同浓度氨氮的吸附率, 筛选出酸性条件下铵氮吸附效率较高且稳定的康华科技沸石; 确定铵盐的最佳适用浓度范围为2～10 μmol/L, 在该浓度范围内氮回收率94%～99%,氮分馏系数为0.1‰～0.8‰。将此方法应用于长江口海域水样分析, 结果表明, 这一方法可以应用于河口中铵盐的氮同位素分析, 能够为河口中溶解态氮的来源及循环机理等研究提供有效信息。 相似文献
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改性黏土对褐潮生物种Aureococcus anophagefferens的去除研究 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
褐潮是一种由微微型藻引发的藻华,已连续4年在渤海海域暴发,给当地带来巨大的经济损失。目前,在褐潮尚不能有效预防、预控情况下,如何控制和减少其对生态环境和沿海经济带来的危害,成为一个急需解决的问题。利用改性黏土消除藻华是一种快速有效、并得以多次现场成功应用的方法。考察比较了多种不同产地、不同类型的黏土及其改性后对褐潮生物种Aureococcus anophagef ferens(抑食金球藻)的去除效果,选取5种典型的黏土作为主要的实验材料,开展了不同条件下黏土及其改性后对A. anophagef ferens去除效率的影响研究。实验发现,因A. anophagef ferens个体微小、藻华时密度大,相同用量的黏土或改性黏土对其去除效率低于常见的硅藻、甲藻生物;不同类型黏土对其去除效率有影响,高岭土的去除效率高于蒙脱土;而黏土改性后对A. anophagef ferens的去除效率提高3倍以上。在此基础上,还考察分析了黏土粒径、分散介质等因素对A. anophagef ferens去除效率的影响,为进一步研发安全、高效的褐潮应急消除材料做了有益探索。 相似文献
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基于水动力ROMS与BOX耦合模型的长江口及邻近水域水通量及水体交换特性 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本研究将水动力模型ROMS(regional oceanic modeling system,区域海洋模式系统)与箱式(box)模型结合,详细阐述了长江口及邻近水域四个季节的水通量特征及水体交换特性。研究发现:总的水通量整体受季风控制,季风的作用在于使水体在南北方向上交替输送,而台湾暖流对春夏季底层水南向输运具有重要作用;直接进入123.5°E以东外海区域的水通量很小,而是先从南边界流出研究区域,然后通过海洋环流系统进入外海。在强烈季风下,水体更新依赖于季风方向的水平通量,主要是同层水体而不是表底层水体之间的交换。虽然水体更新时间较长的区域与缺氧区基本一致,但本研究认为该区域底层水体缺氧的本质原因是跃层阻隔了表底层水体之间的交换。 相似文献
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Effects of modified clay flocculation on major nutrients and diatom aggregation during Skeletonema costatum blooms in the laboratory 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Harmful algal blooms(HABs) can elicit several negative effects on aquatic environment(such as depleting the oxygen, blocking the sunlight, destroying the habitats of organisms) and life health(including poisoning/killing marine mammals, birds and human). Among the various control strategies for HABs(physical manipulation needs lots of manpower and expensive equipment, chemicals treatment has some toxic byproduct and high residual, microbial agents only has limited in laboratory research), the coagulation-flocculation of HAB species by modified clay(MC) has been proven to be an effective, lowcost and environmentally friendly method that has been widely applied in the field, particularly in eastern Asia. In order to examine the long-term effects of MC treatment, this study investigated the alternations in seawater of Skeletonema costatum, a high biomass dominant HAB species along the Chinese coast, by comparing the degradation of S. costatum detritus(A1) with the application of MC treatment(A2) and MC treatment in sediment condition(A3). The low dosage of 0.25 g/L MC could efficiently remove 4×108 cells/L of S. costatum cells within 3.5 h(approximately 97% removal). In addition, the results showed that both inorganic and organic nutrients were effectively reduced from seawater by MC particles. Compared to the total nitrogen(TN) and total phosphorus(TP) concentrations in A1 seawater, 44% of TN and 93% of TP in A2 seawater, as well as 72% of TN and 93% of TP in A3 seawater were removed during the onemonth incubation period. Simultaneously, 64% of DISi in A2 and 44% of DISi in A3 significantly decreased( P 0.001). This study demonstrated that MC treatment was able to significantly increase the downward flux of nutrients and delay the release velocity of inorganic nutrient from MC-algae matrix into the overlying seawater, particularly within sediment environment. 相似文献
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Both nitrate (NO3−) and soluble reactive phosphate (PO43−) concentration in the freshwater end-member at the mouth of the Changjiang River have increased dramatically since the 1960s.
Within the same period in the sea area, with surface salinity>30, NO3− concentration has shown an obvious increase, PO43− has not changed greatly and dissolved reactive silica (SiO32−) has deceased dramatically. An examination of the elemental ratio of NO3− to PO43− at the mouth of the Changjiang River did not show a systematic trend from the 1960s to 2000s largely because both nutrients
increased simultaneously. In comparison, the elemental ratio of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) to PO43− in surface seawater, with salinity>22, has shown a clearly increasing trend. Furthermore, an overall historical change of
the SiO32−:PO43− ratio has undergone a reverse trend in this area. Based on the changes of SiO32−:PO43− and DIN:PO43− ratios, we can conclude that an overall historical change of SiO32−:DIN ratio has decreased in this area from the 1950–1960s to 2000s. The argument that phytoplankton productivity in the Changjiang
estuary has been enhanced by increasing nutrient input from the riverine transport was supported by these results. A comparative
study analyzing the shift of phytoplankton composition from the mid-1980s to 2000s was also made. The results indicated that
the average yearly percentage of diatom species in the Changjiang estuary has decreased from 84.6% during 1985–1986 to 69.8%
during 2004–2005. Furthermore, the average yearly percentage of diatom abundance in the Changjiang estuary decreased from
99.5% during to 75.5% over the same time period, while the abundance of dinoflagellates has increased dramatically, from 0.7%
to 25.4%. 相似文献
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Blooms of some pico/nanophytoplankton have occurred frequently along the Qinhuangdao coast since 2009, and it is necessary to identify the critical environmental factors inducing them. In this study, variations in the physical and nutrient characteristics of the seawater were analyzed following the development of local blooms in 2013. The local environmental characteristics were also compared with those of the Changjiang River estuary, China, and the Long Island estuaries in the USA, which are also prone to blooms of special algal species. In Qinhuangdao the local water temperature varied seasonally and rose above 15°C in 2013 early summer, coincident with the water discoloration. The salinity was more than 28 with a variation range of 3 throughout the year. Our results suggest that the physical conditions of the Qinhuangdao coastal area were suitable for the explosive proliferation of certain pico/nanophytoplankton, e.g. Aureococcus anophageff erens. The water supporting the bloom was not in a condition of serious eutrophication, but there were relatively high concentrations of reduced nitrogen(especially ammonium), which acted as an important nitrogen source for the pico/nanophytoplankton bloom. There was also a large gap between total nitrogen(TN) and dissolved inorganic nitrogen(DIN). Although the phosphate concentration was relatively low, there was no evidence of phosphorus limitation to the growth of pico/nanophytoplankton during bloom events. 相似文献