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1.
To improve the usefulness and accuracy of modeling Earth's anthrobiogeochemical metal cycles, global maps at approximately 1° × 1° are produced of the concentrations and masses of Fe, Al, Cu, and Zn contained in continental sediments and soils. The maps generated utilize inverse distance weighting (IDW) and cokriging to generate new estimates for geospatially weighted mean global concentrations for these metallic micronutrients. Sediment metal concentration maps are generated from IDW of sediment samples; global soil maps are produced via cokriging upon an underlying parent rock dataset composed of both surface bedrock and sediment samples. Derived are independent estimates for the global mean concentrations in continental sediments (Fe = 3.1 wt.%, Al = 6.1 wt.%, Cu = 45 μg/g, Zn = 86 μg/g) and soils (Fe = 2.5 wt.%, Al = 3.9 wt.%, Cu = 17 μg/g, Zn = 50 μg/g). While continental sediment concentrations for Cu are within the range of previous estimates, Zn concentrations are relatively higher, ~ 20 μg/g above previous estimates. Fe and Al are slightly depleted (~ 1 wt.%) in continental sediments relative to previous estimates, likely ascribable to sampling bias and error inherent in the comparative methodologies. Besides an estimated global mean, metal concentrations in soils are also broken down by FAO soil group. Metal masses in sediments and soils remain within 30% of previous, non-spatial estimates. These maps also illustrate the discernable spatial variability across the Earth's surface. Despite data gaps, maps of metal mass show regional patterns such as the high quantities of Al in the soils and biomass of the Amazonia and Congo regions. Concentrations of metals are relatively high in the anthrosols of China. Finally, this analysis highlights those areas for which generating and providing publically available geochemical data should be prioritized. For instance, gypsisols, lixisols, and nitisols have little to no analytical data available on metal contents. A sensitivity analysis suggests that the most poorly constrained soil metal concentrations occur in the thick, old tropical soils of central Africa and the anthrosols of eastern China. 相似文献
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The formation of colloids during the weathering of phyllite was investigated by exposing ground phyllite to Milli-Q water. Secondary mineral colloids of 101–102 nm were detected in significant concentrations. At pH of about 8.5, the solution concentration of these colloids reached up to 10 mg/L (however, acidification to pH 4.0 prevented the formation of the colloids). The mineralogical composition of the secondary mineral colloids is assumed to be a mixture of ferrihydrite, manganese oxyhydroxides, aluminosilicates, amorphous Al(OH)3 and gibbsite with possible additions of iron silicates and␣iron-alumino silicates. The colloids were stable over longer periods of time (at least several weeks), even in the presence of suspended ground rock. Direct formation of iron-containing secondary mineral colloids at the rock–water interface by the weathering of rock material is an alternative to the well-known mechanism of iron colloid formation in the bulk of water bodies by mixing of different waters or by aeration of anoxic waters. This direct mechanism is of relevance for colloid production during the weathering of freshly crushed rock in the unsaturated zone as for instance crushed rock in mine waste rock piles. Colloids produced by this mechanism, too, can influence the transport of contaminants such as actinides because these colloids have a large specific surface area and a high sorption affinity. 相似文献
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Pierre Voinchet Christophe Falgures Hlne Tissoux Jean-Jacques Bahain Jackie Desprie Florence Pirouelle 《Quaternary Geochronology》2007,2(1-4):363-366
An ESR experimental study of artificial optical bleaching of sedimentary quartz has shown that the aluminum center was maximally bleached after a 6-month illumination equivalent to natural light. This duration seems too long to apply in natural conditions. Nevertheless, the measurement of the ESR intensity of aluminum centers in quartz extracted from modern sediments and deposited in sandy bars shows that the maximum bleaching has effectively been reached.
In order to determine the relationship between the bleaching and the distance covered by a quartz grain in a river, samples were collected along the Creuse River (France) from its spring to about 170 km downstream, where maximum bleaching levels were observed in previous studies. The ESR intensities of the aluminum and titanium centers in quartz were measured, using X-band spectroscopy, before and after artificial bleaching. The difference measured between these sub-samples shows that the maximum bleaching level is obtained in the course of the first kilometer. Hence, the assumption that ESR dating of fluvial sediment is based on the optical bleaching was validated. 相似文献
4.
Oxygen deficient perovskites in the system CaSiO3–CaAlO2.5 and implications for the Earth’s interior
U. W. Bläß F. Langenhorst D. J. Frost F. Seifert 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2007,34(6):363-376
Oxygen deficient perovskites of the system CaSiO3–CaAlO2.5 have been synthesised at high-pressure and -temperature conditions relevant to the Earth’s transition zone in order to investigate
their stabilities in the Earth’s mantle and determine structural properties associated with vacancy incorporation. Two polysomes
of thermodynamically stable defect perovskites with Ca(Al0.4Si0.6)O2.8 and Ca(Al0.5Si0.5)O2.75 stoichiometry have been identified. The ordering of oxygen defects into pseudo-cubic (111) layers results in well-ordered
ten- or eightfold superstructures, respectively. At all other compositions examined, a metastable formation of perovskites
has been observed instead, which are assumed to grow initially disordered. These are now characterised by tiny domains, formed
due to subsequent ordering of vacancies along various pseudo-cubic {111} layers. Both ordered defect perovskites show a large
P–T stability field ranging from about 9–18 GPa and 4–12 GPa, respectively. Microstructural TEM analyses revealed the presence
of growth and ferroelastic twins, which indicate a phase transition from rhombohedral to monoclinic symmetry during quenching.
Electron energy loss spectroscopy of Si and Al K edges point at the presence of tetrahedral, octahedral and maybe some pentacoordinated silicon, whereas aluminium is predominantly
octahedrally coordinated with minor fractions in lower coordination. Observed properties are interpreted in terms of a new
structural model, explaining the observed phase transition and formation of different twin laws as well as giving reasons
for the development of such large superstructures. With respect to phase relations of the transition zone, the potential occurrence
of such defect perovskites in the Earth’s interior is discussed. 相似文献
5.
S.?P.?BiEmail author N.?Gan X.?C.?Lu H.?Y.?Ni H.?Lin X.?L.?Wang Z.?B.?Wei 《Environmental Geology》2003,45(1):65-71
As the ongoing global research on acid precipitation is developing in depth, more and more attention has been paid to the ecological effects of aluminum (Al) due to its toxicity to plants and animals, which is caused by acid precipitation. As a very serious problem of terrestrial and aquatic environmental acidification occurs in China, especially in southwestern China, a systematic investigation of Al speciation in these regions is very important. In this paper, the Al speciation results of surface waters in China are reported and its ecological impacts is evaluated. More than 100 water samples were collected from about twenty provinces of China. Driscoll's Al speciation scheme combined with the modified MINQEL computer model is used for speciation of Al. This study shows that the ecological impacts of acidification are quite different between China and Western countries, because of different geographical environments and geological settings. In Western countries, acidification is mainly caused by NO2-. Due to low concentrations of K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, the buffer capacities of soil and water are weak. Therefore, natural waters can be acidified to pH<5 very easily, resulting in a considerable mobilization of Al and worsening of the ecological environment. In China, acid precipitation is mainly in the form of sulfuric acid. In northwestern China, concentrations of K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+ are high in soil and surface waters. This leads to much higher capacity and a high resistance ability to acidification. The pH values of waters in this region are high (around 7) and no serious Al toxicity is found at present. However, in northeastern and southeastern China, the soil is rich in Al (unsaturated aluminosilicates in northeastern China, saturated aluminosilicates in north and central China, aluminum-rich soil in southeastern and southwestern China). The concentrations of K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+ in soil and waters are lower than those of northwestern China. Therefore the buffer capacity is limited. Numerous surface waters have already been acidified and pH values declined to 5. The impacts of Al toxicity on ecological systems in these regions are very serious, especially in Jiangxi, Hubei Provinces and Chongqing Municipality. 相似文献
6.
名铁矿中三氧化二铝含量测定的方法研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
名铁矿试样经碱熔,直接分离铁,再酸化,中和后用六次甲基四胺沉淀铝与络合物,沉淀酸溶,用氟盐取代－EDTA容量法测定三氧化二铝。该法充分消除了铁的干扰,使滴定终点比DZG93－012（铬铁矿操作规程－氟盐取代）－EDTA容量法测定三氧化二铝）方法的滴定终点更清晰,准确,结果重现性好。 相似文献
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基于质量守恒以及电中性条件,采用化学平衡计算法,计算模拟研究了高岭石固相平衡的酸性天然地表水中铝的缓冲作用对ｐＨ值,酸中和容量ＡＮＣ和缓冲强度β的影响,讨论了影响酸性地表水ｐＨ估算的各种因素,如溶解硅酸的浓度,溶解总无机碳的浓度,溶解总氟和总有机碳的浓度及温度等。模型被用于实际水样的分析,所得结果与实验值符合较好,用ＭｏｎｔｅＣａｒｌｏ模拟考察了由于平衡常数的选择以及水化学参数测量误差而带来的不确 相似文献
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Norihiro Murayama Kou Arimura Nobuaki Okajima Junji Shibata 《International Journal of Mineral Processing》2009,93(2):110-114
The hydrothermal synthesis of AlPO4-n which is a functional material of aluminophosphate, was conducted from two kinds of aluminum dross discharged in an aluminum regeneration factory. The effect of structure-directing agent (SDA) on the formation behavior of AlPO4-n from aluminum dross, the suitable condition to obtain AlPO4-n efficiently, and the pore structure and gas adsorption property were investigated in this study.AlPO4-5 and AlPO4-34 are mainly formed from aluminum dross as a raw material, and it is possible to make AlPO4-5 successfully as a main product by adjusting the amount of triethylamine (TEA) as SDA. The gas adsorption amount with AlPO4-5 is the following order; ammonia > dipropylamine > benzene, and it is found that this order mainly corresponds with the polarity of molecule among them. 相似文献