北京城市绿化的时空动态分析     

胡云锋  赵冠华  张云芝 《地球信息科学学报》2018,20(3):332-339

城市绿化覆盖是城市生态系统的重要组成部分,合理的绿化率和绿化布局可以改善城市环境,提高城市人居适宜性。研究中将2005、2010、2015年北京市土地利用（LUC）数据中的城市居民用地作为城区范围,应用Landsat 5、GF-1影像数据和MODIS产品,利用支持向量机的监督分类方法,提取了2005、2010、2015年的北京市城市绿化覆盖数据,并获取了同期的植被指数（NDVI）数据;继而以城市绿化覆盖率、绿化覆盖均匀度和植被指数为评价指标,在公里栅格和行政区2个尺度上探讨了北京市城市绿化覆盖的空间分布格局和时间变化动态特征。研究表明：① 3个指标在空间和时间2个维度、区县和栅格2个尺度上都表现一致。这反映北京市过去10年中,在绿化面积增加的同时,绿化的空间布局得到优化改善,绿化的质量得到提高。② 2005-2015年,北京市城市绿化覆盖面积由518.93 km² 增加到1405.54 km²,绿化覆盖率由39.9%增加到49.13%,绿化覆盖均匀度由0.598增加到0.653,植被指数由0.42增加至0.5。③ 北京市城市绿化建设存在明显的时空差异。中心城区绿化建设缓慢,成效不明显;重大绿化建设成果主要集中在城市边缘地区和远郊区县。城市绿化改善过程主要发生在2005-2010年。  相似文献   

A New Retracking Technique for Brown Peaky Altimetric Waveforms     

Fukai Peng 《Marine Geodesy》2018,41(2):99-125

A new Brown-Peaky (BP) retracker has been developed for peaky waveforms that usually appear within ～10 km to the coastline. The main feature of the BP is that it fits peaky waveforms using the Brown model without introducing a peak function. The retracking strategy first detects the peak location and width of a waveform using an adaptive peak detection method, and then estimates retracking parameters using a weighted least squares (WLS) estimator. The WLS assigns a downsized weight to corrupted waveform gates, but an equal weight to other normal waveform gates. The BP retracker has been applied to 4-year Jason-1 waveform (2002–2006) in two Australian coastal zones. The results retracked by BP, MLE4 and ALES retrackers have been validated against tide-gauge observations located at Burnie, Lorne and Broome. The comparison results show that three retrackers have similar performance over open oceans with the correlation coefficient (～0.7) and RMSE (～13 cm) between altimetric and tide-gauge sea levels for distance >7 km offshore. The main improvement of BP retracker occurs for distance ≤7 km to the coastline, where validation results indicate that data retracked by BP are more accurate (15–21 cm) than those by ALES (16–24 cm) and MLE4 (19–37 cm).  相似文献   

Modelling the effect of changing precipitation inputs on deep soil water utilization          下载免费PDF全文

Ji Qi  Daniel Markewitz  David Radcliffe 《水文研究》2018,32(5):672-686

Forests in the Southeastern United States are predicted to experience future changes in seasonal patterns of precipitation inputs as well as more variable precipitation events. These climate change‐induced alterations could increase drought and lower soil water availability. Drought could alter rooting patterns and increase the importance of deep roots that access subsurface water resources. To address plant response to drought in both deep rooting and soil water utilization as well as soil drainage, we utilize a throughfall reduction experiment in a loblolly pine plantation of the Southeastern United States to calibrate and validate a hydrological model. The model was accurately calibrated against field measured soil moisture data under ambient rainfall and validated using 30% throughfall reduction data. Using this model, we then tested these scenarios: (a) evenly reduced precipitation; (b) less precipitation in summer, more in winter; (c) same total amount of precipitation with less frequent but heavier storms; and (d) shallower rooting depth under the above 3 scenarios. When less precipitation was received, drainage decreased proportionally much faster than evapotranspiration implying plants will acquire water first to the detriment of drainage. When precipitation was reduced by more than 30%, plants relied on stored soil water to satisfy evapotranspiration suggesting 30% may be a threshold that if sustained over the long term would deplete plant available soil water. Under the third scenario, evapotranspiration and drainage decreased, whereas surface run‐off increased. Changes in root biomass measured before and 4 years after the throughfall reduction experiment were not detected among treatments. Model simulations, however, indicated gains in evapotranspiration with deeper roots under evenly reduced precipitation and seasonal precipitation redistribution scenarios but not when precipitation frequency was adjusted. Deep soil and deep rooting can provide an important buffer capacity when precipitation alone cannot satisfy the evapotranspirational demand of forests. How this buffering capacity will persist in the face of changing precipitation inputs, however, will depend less on seasonal redistribution than on the magnitude of reductions and changes in rainfall frequency.  相似文献   

A-FPN算法及其在遥感图像船舶检测中的应用     

于野  艾华  贺小军  于树海  钟兴  朱瑞飞 《遥感学报》2020,24(2):107-115

光学遥感图像船舶检测主要面临两个挑战:光学遥感图像背景复杂,船舶检测易受海浪、云雾及陆地建筑等多方面干扰;遥感图像分辨率低,船舶目标小,对于其分类与定位带来很大困难;针对上述问题,在FPN的基础上,提出一种融入显著性特征的卷积神经网络模型A-FPN (Attention-Based Feature Pyramid Networks)。首先,利用卷积提取图像特征金字塔;然后,利用顶层金字塔逐级构建显著特征层,抑制背景信息,通过金字塔顶层的细粒度特征提高浅层特征的表达能力,构建自上而下的多级显著特征映射结构;最后利用Softmax分类器进行多层级船舶检测。A-FPN模型利用显著性机制引导不同感受下的特征进行融合,提高了模型的分辨能力,对遥感图像处理领域具有重要应用价值。实验阶段,利用公开的遥感目标检测数据集NWPU VHR-10中的船舶样本进行测试,准确率为92.8%,表明A-FPN模型适用于遥感图像船舶检测。  相似文献   

Variations in glacier volume and snow cover and their impact on lake storage in the Paiku Co Basin,in the Central Himalayas     

Xingxing Zhang  Rui Wang  Zhijun Yao  Zhaofei Liu 《水文研究》2020,34(8):1920-1933

Glaciers and snow cover are important constituents of the surface of the Tibetan Plateau. The responses of these phenomena to global environmental changes are sensitive, rapid and intensive due to the high altitudes and arid cold climate of the Tibetan Plateau. Based on multisource remote sensing data, including Landsat images, MOD10A2 snow product, ICESat, Cryosat-2 altimetry data and long-term ground climate observations, we analysed the dynamic changes of glaciers, snow melting and lake in the Paiku Co basin using extraction methods for glaciers and lake, the degree-day model and the ice and lake volume method. The interaction among the climate, ice-snow and the hydrological elements in Paiku Co is revealed. From 2000 to 2018, the basin tended to be drier, and rainfall decreased at a rate of −3.07 mm/a. The seasonal temperature difference in the basin increased, the maximum temperature increased at a rate of 0.02°C/a and the minimum temperature decreased at a rate of −0.06°C/a, which accelerated the melting from glaciers and snow at rates of 0.55 × 10⁷ m³/a and 0.29 × 10⁷ m³/a, respectively. The rate of contribution to the lake from rainfall, snow and glacier melted water was 55.6, 27.7 and 16.7%, respectively. In the past 18 years, the warmer and drier climate has caused the lake to shrink. The water level of the lake continued to decline at a rate of −0.02 m/a, and the lake water volume decreased by 4.85 × 10⁸ m³ at a rate of −0.27 × 10⁸ m³/a from 2000 to 2018. This evaluation is important for understanding how the snow and ice melting in the central Himalayas affect the regional water cycle.  相似文献   

栉孔扇贝foxl2基因在卵子发生中的必要性     

刘晓玲  刘军  王振东  王振华  李彦伸  崔龙波 《海洋科学》2018,42(4):127-131

采用RNAi技术研究了栉孔扇贝(Chlamysfarreri)foxl2基因在卵子发生和卵巢功能维持中的作用。使用体外合成的栉孔扇贝foxl2双链RNA(dsRNA),以每只50μg/次的剂量注射进闭壳肌中,连续注射2次(第一次注射后7天,再进行第二次注射);以注射相同体积PBS(相同注射方法)的扇贝作为阴性对照组,以不注射扇贝作为空白对照组。qRT-PCR检测干扰组扇贝卵巢中的foxl2 mRNA表达量较空白对照组下降了62%, Western blotting检测该蛋白在卵巢中的含量也明显下降,显示靶基因的表达水平被有效地敲降。组织学观察发现,栉孔扇贝foxl2干扰后的卵巢中卵母细胞形态异常、细胞核固缩,卵子发生明显受阻。表明该基因在栉孔扇贝卵子发生中起重要作用。  相似文献   

非等间距GM(1,1)模型的总体最小二乘算法及其病态问题     

陶武勇  花向红  鲁铁定  陈西江  张伟 《大地测量与地球动力学》2019,39(1):45-50

在非等间距GM(1,1)模型中，系数矩阵中有无误差的常数项和有误差的随机项，并且系数矩阵与观测向量误差同源，即系数矩阵与观测向量中有相同的元素存在，这些相同元素应该有相同的改正数，为此本文推导了一种适合非等间距GM(1,1)模型求解的总体最小二乘算法。同时，考虑到非等间距GM(1,1)模型中存在病态问题时影响总体最小二乘计算结果的稳定性，提出对系数矩阵常数列乘以某一常数的方法，以改善病态问题。  相似文献   

基于纹理特征的围填海SAR图像分水岭分割方法          下载免费PDF全文

王衍  许小贝  洪海凌 《海洋学研究》2018,36(2):44-49

本文提出了一种基于纹理特征的围填海SAR图像分水岭分割方法,首先对机载MiniSAR图像进行灰度共生矩阵纹理滤波,获得纹理特征图像,再对纹理特征图像进行分水岭算法分割,将获得的形态学重建图像进行门限阈值分割,得到最后的二值化分割结果。该方法一方面通过调整灰度共生矩阵纹理滤波的窗口大小,抑制了斑点噪声的影响;另一方面,利用分水岭算法对边缘模糊杂乱图像的优势,提高了围填海信息提取的准确性。实验结果表明,本方法对高分辨率SAR图像围填海监测图像的分割效果良好。  相似文献   

基于高斯两步移动搜寻法的村镇避难场所可达性研究     

但文羽  肖映辉  胡周灵  詹庆明 《地球信息科学学报》2018,20(10):1412-1421

避难场所可达性是指避难场所与受灾居民之间的通达性,即灾害发生时,避难人员通过避难疏散通道到达避难场所的难易程度,是评价避难场所布局合理性的重要指标。本研究结合高斯两步移动搜寻法和网络分析法,从供需双向出发对村镇地区避难场所进行可达性分析。2种方法的结合,既充分考虑了需求点与设施点的相互作用,又充分考虑了设施点的吸引力随距离的衰减关系,并基于实际道路,以步行疏散时间作为搜索半径,降低了传统研究中因忽略供需间相互作用及实际距离而引起的可达性结果的误差。最后,以神农架松柏镇区为例,验证该方法的实际应用价值。结果表明,该方法能够有效测定村镇地区避难场所的空间可达性,同时,基于GIS软件可以直观地揭示研究区域内避难场所可达性空间分布差异。该方法可为制定科学的村镇防灾减灾规划提供方法支持。  相似文献   

Properties of geogrid-reinforced marine slope due to the groundwater level changes     

Ramin Vali  Jie Li  Gholamreza Shams  Pieter van Gelder 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2018,36(6):735-748

Evaluation of slope stability, especially in the absence of a proper bed such as marine soils, is one of the most important issues in geotechnical engineering. Using geogrid layers to enhance the strength and stability of embankments is regarded as a commendable stabilization method. On the other hand, groundwater level erratically fluctuates in coastal areas. Therefore, the aim of this research is to study the effects of groundwater level changes on stability of a geogrid-reinforced slope on loose marine soils in Qeshm Island, Iran. At first, geotechnical properties of the site were obtained by comprehensive series of geotechnical laboratory and in situ tests. Then, by simultaneous changes of groundwater level and several parameters such as embankment slope, loading, geogrid length, geogrid number, and tensile strength of geogrid, different characteristics such as embankment safety factor (SF), vertical and horizontal displacements at embankment top and embankment base were studied. It was observed that groundwater level had significant effects on behavior of the embankment. For most of the observations, by decreasing the groundwater level, the displacements decreased and consequently safety factor increased. Increasing the length, number, and tensile strength of geogrid led to the reduction of displacements and an increase in the safety factor.  相似文献