A critical zone observatory dedicated to suspended sediment transport: The meso-scale Galabre catchment (southern French Alps)     

Cédric Legout  Guilhem Freche  Romain Biron  Michel Esteves  Oldrich Navratil  Guillaume Nord  Magdalena Uber  Thomas Grangeon  Nico Hachgenei  Brice Boudevillain  Céline Voiron  Lorenzo Spadini 《水文研究》2021,35(3):e14084

The 20 km² Galabre catchment belongs to the French network of critical zone observatories (OZCAR; Gaillardet et al., Vadose Zone Journal, 2018, 17(1), 1–24). It is representative of the sedimentary lithology and meteorological forcing found in Mediterranean and mountainous areas. Due to the presence of highly erodible and sloping badlands on various lithologies, the site was instrumented in 2007 to understand the dynamics of suspended sediments (SS) in such areas. Two meteorological stations including measurements of air temperature, wind speed and direction, air moisture, rainfall intensity, raindrop size and velocity distribution were installed both in the upper and lower part of the catchment. At the catchment outlet, a gauging station records the water level, temperature and turbidity (10 min time-step). Stream water samples are collected automatically to estimate SS concentration-turbidity relationships, allowing quantification of SS fluxes with known uncertainty. The sediment samples are further characterized by measuring their particle size distributions and by applying a low-cost sediment fingerprinting approach using spectrocolorimetric tracers. Thus, the contributions of badlands located on different lithologies to total SS flux are quantified at a high temporal resolution, providing the opportunity to better analyse the links between meteorological forcing variability and watershed hydrosedimentary response. The set of measurements was extended to the dissolved phase in 2017. Both stream water electrical conductivity and major ion concentrations are measured each week and every 3 h during storm events. This extension of measurements to the dissolved phase will allow progress in understanding both the origin of the water during the events and the partitioning between particulate and dissolved fluxes of solutes in the critical zone. All data sets are available at https://doi.osug.fr/public/DRAIXBLEONE_GAL/index.html .  相似文献   

Origin of sulphate in the unsaturated zone and groundwater of a loess aquifer     

Yin Long  Tianming Huang  Fen Zhang  Zhenbin Li  Baoqiang Ma  Yiman Li  Zhonghe Pang 《水文研究》2021,35(4):e14166

The use of the sulphate mass balance (SMB) between precipitation and soil water as a supplementary method to estimate the diffuse recharge rate assumes that the sulphate in soil water originated entirely from atmospheric deposition; however, the origin of sulphate in soil and groundwater is often unclear, especially in loess aquifers. This study analysed the sulphur (δ³⁴S-SO₄) and oxygen (δ¹⁸O-SO₄) isotopes of sulphate in precipitation, water-extractable soil water, and shallow groundwater samples and used these data along with hydrochemical data to determine the sources of sulphate in the thick unsaturated zone and groundwater of a loess aquifer. The results suggest that sulphate in groundwater mainly originated from old precipitation. When precipitation percolates through the unsaturated zone to recharge groundwater, sulphates were rarely dissolved due to the formation of CaCO₃ film on the surface of sulphate minerals. The water-extractable sulphate in the deep unsaturated zone (>10 m) was mainly derived from the dissolution of evaporite minerals and there was no oxidation of sulphide minerals during the extraction of soil water by elutriating soil samples with deionized water. The water-extractable concentration of SO₄ was not representative of the actual SO₄ concentration in mobile soil water. Therefore, the recharge rate cannot be estimated by the SMB method using the water-extractable concentration of SO₄ in the loess areas. This study is important for identifying sulphate sources and clarifying the proper method for estimating the recharge rate in loess aquifers.  相似文献   

Drying increases organic colloidal mobilization in the karst vadose zone: Evidence from a 15-year cave-monitoring study     

Jin Liao  Chaoyong Hu  Xiuli Li  Jiaoyang Ruan 《水文研究》2021,35(4):e14163

Understanding the hydrological processes of colloids within the karst vadose zone is vital to the security of karst groundwater and providing appropriate paleohydrological explanations of colloid-facilitated metals in speleothem. This study addresses the mobilization mechanisms driving colloidal organic matter (COM) transport in the karst vadose zone using a 15-year long monthly monitoring dataset from a cave drip point (HS4) in Heshang Cave, Qingjiang Valley, China. Variations in COM concentrations were reported as the fluorescence difference values of raw and filtered (<0.22 μm) samples at an excitation wavelength of 320 nm and emission wavelength of ~400 nm. A fluorescence humification index (HIX) lower than 0.8 and an autochthonous index (BIX) higher than 1.2 indicated that the origin of COM was mainly from the karst vadose zone, rather than the soil zone. The COM concentration varied from 0.001 to 0.038 Raman Unit (RU), with evident seasonal fluctuations. Rising limbs for COM values occurred prior to rising limbs within a dripwater hydrograph; moreover, the COM peak values corresponding to the beginning of the increasing hydrograph generally suggested that the mobilization of COM reflected the movement of the air–water interface (AWI) in the karst vadose zone rather than rainfall intensity or flow velocity. COM peak values were positively correlated with the antecedent drying duration and negatively correlated with HIX values. These phenomena may be explained by the increased amount of organic matter that was aggregated and absorbed on the surface of carbonate in the karst vadose zone during a longer drying duration. Moreover, the longer drying duration was also beneficial to autochthonous biological activity, which subsequently decreased the HIX value of the organic matter in the karst vadose zone. The movement of AWI and the drying duration are both controlled by the outside weather conditions. This study is therefore conducive to evaluating the security of karst groundwater in response to climate change, and challenges prevailing paleoclimate interpretations of colloid-facilitated metal abundance timeseries reported from speleothems.  相似文献   

辽东铀成矿带连山关地区韧性剪切带与铀成矿作用     

吴迪  刘永江  李伟民  常瑞虹 《岩石学报》2020,36(8):2571-2588

连山关地区位于华北克拉通北缘铀成矿省辽东铀成矿带，已知铀矿床（点）均发育在韧性剪切带附近。为了解韧性剪切带运动学、几何学构造变形机制及与铀矿的关系，本文以连山关岩体周缘韧性剪切带为研究对象，通过野外宏观调查和室内微观研究相结合的研究方法，探讨构造变形期次、韧性剪切带形成机理及其对铀成矿的控制作用。研究表明：连山关岩体周缘发育的韧性剪切带与近南北向挤压构造变形有关，其右行韧性剪切带应变类型为压扁应变，属于一般压缩-平面应变范围，Flinn指数K值在0.19~0.69之间，岩石类型属于S/SL型构造岩。研究区内铀矿体均为隐伏盲矿体，主要赋存于沿着连山关岩体和辽河群接触带右行剪切作用形成的背斜褶皱核部，和北东东向断裂关系密切。综合分析认为，连山关岩体南缘北西向韧性剪切带为一级控矿构造，是区内铀矿热液运移的通道，而剪切带边部的晚期北东东向断裂则是铀矿储存空间；铀源可能来自于太古宙古风化壳，并在大型韧性剪切活动（提供热液运移通道）和基性脉岩侵入（提供热源和还原剂）等综合因素作用下运移、富集成矿。  相似文献   

Conversion relationship of rainfall-soil moisture-groundwater in Quaternary thick cohesive soil in Jianghan Plain,Hubei Province,China     

《China Geology》2020,3(3):462-472

The scientific field test site of rainfall-soil moisture-groundwater conversion in Dabie Mountain Area–Jianghan Plain is located in the northern region of the Jianghan Plain, the transition zone between the Dabie Mountain Area and Jianghan Plain. It’s a great field test site to study the material and energy exchange among rainfall, soil moisture, and groundwater of the Earth ’s critical zone in subtropical monsoon climate plain areas. This paper analyzed the connection between rainfall and volume water content (VWC) of soil at different depths of several soil profiles, and the dynamic feature of groundwater was discussed, which reveals the rainfall infiltration recharge of Quaternary Upper Pleistocene strata. The results show that the Quaternary Upper Pleistocene aquifer groundwater accepts a little direct rainfall recharge, while the lateral recharge is the main supplement source. There were 75 effective rainfall events among 120 rainfall events during the monitoring period, with an accumulated amount of 672.9 mm, and the percentages of effective rainfall amount and duration time were 62.50% and 91.56%, respectively. The max evaporation depth at the upper part in Quaternary cohesive soil was no less than 1.4 m. The soil profile was divided into four zones: (1) The sensitive zone of rainfall infiltration within 1.4 m, where the material and energy exchange frequently near the interface between atmosphere and soil; (2) the buffer zone of rainfall infiltration between 1.4 m and 3.5 m; (3) the migration zone of rainfall infiltration between 3.5 m and 5.0 m; and (4) the rainfall infiltration and groundwater level co-influenced zone below 5.0 m. The results revealed the reaction of soil moisture and groundwater to rainfall in the area covered by cohesive soil under humid climate in Earth ’s critical zone, which is of great theoretical and practical significance for groundwater resources evaluation and development, groundwater environmental protection, ecological environmental improvement, drought disaster prevention, and flood disaster prevention in subtropical monsoon climate plain areas.  相似文献   

中-哈-吉-乌天山变形带容矿金矿床:成矿环境和控矿要素与找矿标志     

薛春纪  赵晓波  赵伟策  赵云  张国震  Bakhtiar NURTAEV  Nikolay PAK  莫宣学 《地学前缘》2020,27(2):294-319

天山是全球第二大金矿富集区,世界级和大型-超大型金矿床东西成带横贯中国新疆中部—哈萨克斯坦东南部—吉尔吉斯斯坦—乌兹别克斯坦,构成巨型跨境金成矿带。天山巨型跨境金成矿带和重要金矿床形成的地质环境、成矿的控制要素、找矿勘查的标志都是学术界和工业界高度关注的重大地质和找矿问题。通过广泛、深入地文献调研和境内外天山较全面野外地质矿产调查与研究,本文认为中-哈-吉-乌天山大规模金成矿主体形成于晚石炭世—早二叠世古亚洲洋闭合后的陆块拼贴变形过程,部分形成于中—晚二叠世陆内走滑变形过程。中天山南、北缘古缝合带及其附近的大型脆性/韧-脆性变形带是巨量金成矿的关键控制因素,多期叠加复合成矿是天山变形带容矿金矿床的显著特征。地壳初始富集、构造变形活化、岩浆热液叠加是天山变形带容矿金矿床的主控因素。“碳质细碎屑岩+脆韧性变形带+海西末期岩体”是中-哈-吉-乌天山变形带容矿大型-超大型金矿的找矿标志组合。  相似文献   

三峡库区龙门寨危岩体崩塌产生涌浪研究   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

郑嘉豪  黄波林  张全  赵海林  冯万里  王健  陈小婷 《地质力学学报》2020,26(4):533-543

长江两岸高耸的危岩体对航道、沿岸居民带来巨大安全隐患。大宁河属于长江一级支流，龙门寨危岩体位于大宁河上，距离巫山县城仅1 km。利用FLOW-3D软件，模拟了145 m、175 m两种水位工况下龙门寨危岩体崩塌产生涌浪过程和涌浪传播过程。模拟结果表明，涌浪在145 m水位工况下最大浪高约为17.9 m，175 m水位工况下最大浪高约为11.6 m；在巫山县的五个码头处，两种水位工况最大涌浪爬高分别约为10.9 m、3.8 m；根据涌浪高度，对大宁河进行危险分区，145 m水位工况下极高危险区长度约4.4 km，很高危险区长度约1.9 km；175 m水位工况下极高危险区长度约3.0 km，很高危险区长度约1.0 km。研究结果有助于防控龙门寨危岩体潜在涌浪灾害危害，保障大宁河航道和巫山县码头安全，同时也为三峡库区滑坡涌浪灾害提供了预警依据。   相似文献   

大洋地幔橄榄岩-铬铁矿中的金刚石和深地幔再循环     

杨经绥 《地质力学学报》2020,26(5):731-741

全球多地蛇绿岩型地幔橄榄岩和铬铁矿中发现微粒金刚石，并在中国西藏南部和俄罗斯乌拉尔北部的蛇绿岩铬铁矿中发现原位产出的金刚石，认为是地球上金刚石的一种新的产出类型，不同于金伯利岩型金刚石和超高压变质型金刚石。它们与呈斯石英假象的柯石英、高压相的铬铁矿和青松矿等高压矿物以及碳硅石和单质矿物等强还原矿物伴生，指示蛇绿岩中的这些矿物组合形成于深度150~300 km或者更深的地幔。金刚石具有很轻的C同位素组成（δ13C-18‰~-28‰），并出现多种含Mn矿物和壳源成分包裹体。研究认为它们曾是早期深俯冲的地壳物质，达到>300 km深部地幔或地幔过渡带后，经历了熔融并产生新的流体，后者在上升过程中结晶成新的超高压、强还原矿物组合，通过地幔对流或地幔柱作用被带回到浅部地幔，由此建立了一个俯冲物质深地幔再循环的新模式。蛇绿岩型地幔橄榄岩和铬铁矿中发现金刚石等深部矿物，质疑了蛇绿岩铬铁矿形成于浅部地幔的已有认识，引发了一系列新的科学问题，提出了新的研究方向。   相似文献   

鄂尔多斯地块—扬子地块深部电性结构特征及其动力学意义     

吕宏斌  叶高峰  金胜  魏文博  董浩  张乐天  谢成良  尹曜田 《地质论评》2020,66(4):813-828

位于青藏高原东北缘的秦岭造山带在大地构造上南接扬子地块、北接华北地块,是特提斯构造域和古亚洲洋构造域的转换带。本文基于对一条起始于扬子地块,穿过秦岭造山带和鄂尔多斯地块,到达河套地堑的南北向大地电磁测深剖面的研究,探讨秦岭造山带和其北侧的鄂尔多斯地块、南侧的扬子地块之间的接触关系,以及青藏高原物质东北向逃逸等地学问题。对实测数据进行了张量阻抗分解和维性分析等工作,并对剖面进行了二维反演,获得岩石圈电性结构模型。根据电阻率模型认为:在秦岭造山带北部发现大规模"瓶颈状"分布的低阻异常体(C2),可能为华北、华南地块双向俯冲前缘地幔物质的上涌通道,或者是青藏高原中、下地壳物质沿秦岭造山带中构造薄弱位置向东逃逸的通道;在秦岭造山带和大巴山弧形带边界处发现南倾的低阻异常(C1),解释为大巴山弧形带北缘的逆冲断裂在电性上的反映;电性结构模型中,扬子地块高阻异常体(R2、R3和R4)向北倾斜至秦岭造山带下方,而北部鄂尔多斯地块的高阻异常体(R5和R6)向南倾斜至秦岭造山带下方;高阻异常通常被认为是稳定岩石圈的反映,据此推断这两组相向俯冲至秦岭造山带下方的高阻异常是华北地块和扬子地块向秦岭造山带下方汇聚的电性结构探测依据;鄂尔多斯地块南、北电性差异较大,北部中、下地壳大规模分布电阻率值在3～100Ω·m之间的低阻异常体,可能为地幔上涌导致的局部熔融或含盐流体共同作用的结果。  相似文献   

郯庐断裂带苏鲁界地应力积累特征及地震危险性研究     

邱君  吴满路  范桃园  张重远  王连山 《地质学报》2019,93(12):3249-3258

郯庐断裂带是中国东部重要的地质构造带和地震活动带,苏、鲁交界部位的地震活动性和强震危险性一直引人瞩目,1668年发生过郯城8.5级大地震。为了解郯庐断裂带苏鲁界现今地应力环境与地震发展趋势,应用水压致裂法在该区开展了一个钻孔的原地应力测量工作,同时参考前人利用钻孔崩落法与声发射法获取的中国大陆科学钻探(CCSD)主孔301～5047m深度范围内的地应力数据,揭示了研究区地应力状态。利用库伦破裂准则、Byerlee定律以及断层摩擦参数μ_m分析研究该地区的地应力积累水平,评估断层发生滑动的可能性。结果表明:水压致裂法测点在75.74～191.04m深度范围内最小水平主应力的量值为3.68～13.15MPa,最大水平主应力的量值为4.02～19.40MPa。CCSD主孔在1269～5047m深度范围内最小水平主应力的量值为25.3～122.0MPa,最大水平主应力的量值为41.4～166.4MPa;分析地应力结构,发现自地表至660m的范围内,σ_Hσ_hσ_v,为逆断层地应力状态,660m以下表现为σ_Hσ_vσ_h,为走滑断层地应力状态。综合分析断层摩擦参数μ_m,郯庐断裂带苏鲁交界处尚未达到断层失稳的临界地应力状态。  相似文献