全文获取类型
收费全文 | 46740篇 |
免费 | 6424篇 |
国内免费 | 7204篇 |
专业分类
测绘学 | 7471篇 |
大气科学 | 5102篇 |
地球物理 | 5250篇 |
地质学 | 15973篇 |
海洋学 | 7355篇 |
天文学 | 5447篇 |
综合类 | 3668篇 |
自然地理 | 10102篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 91篇 |
2023年 | 479篇 |
2022年 | 1493篇 |
2021年 | 1755篇 |
2020年 | 1747篇 |
2019年 | 1818篇 |
2018年 | 1548篇 |
2017年 | 2034篇 |
2016年 | 1930篇 |
2015年 | 2174篇 |
2014年 | 2732篇 |
2013年 | 3068篇 |
2012年 | 2899篇 |
2011年 | 3202篇 |
2010年 | 2693篇 |
2009年 | 3157篇 |
2008年 | 3091篇 |
2007年 | 3271篇 |
2006年 | 2989篇 |
2005年 | 2660篇 |
2004年 | 2332篇 |
2003年 | 2030篇 |
2002年 | 1862篇 |
2001年 | 1498篇 |
2000年 | 1330篇 |
1999年 | 1154篇 |
1998年 | 1009篇 |
1997年 | 762篇 |
1996年 | 637篇 |
1995年 | 548篇 |
1994年 | 518篇 |
1993年 | 442篇 |
1992年 | 303篇 |
1991年 | 224篇 |
1990年 | 190篇 |
1989年 | 161篇 |
1988年 | 119篇 |
1987年 | 77篇 |
1986年 | 59篇 |
1985年 | 79篇 |
1984年 | 53篇 |
1983年 | 37篇 |
1982年 | 31篇 |
1981年 | 19篇 |
1980年 | 18篇 |
1979年 | 9篇 |
1978年 | 7篇 |
1977年 | 18篇 |
1954年 | 5篇 |
1875年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
《Limnologica》2020
The removal of native forest affects stream characteristics, processes, and organisms at the local scale. We compared the structure of fish assemblages between microbasins impacted by deforestation and those in pristine condition in the Amazonian Machado River basin, Brazil. Fish were collected with seine and dip nets along an 80-m stretch of 28 streams. At each site, we recorded physical, chemical, and land-water ecotone variables. We collected 6,586 specimens of 109 species, being 39 and 18 of them exclusively of forested and deforested streams, respectively. Non-significant differences were found for abundance and species richness between forested and deforested streams. A total of four main trophic groups were identified. Carnivores were more abundant in forested streams, whereas herbivores, omnivores and detritivores species were the most abundant in deforested streams. The deforested streams showed higher abundance and richness of algae and periphyton consumers, while forested streams presented higher abundance and richness of invertebrate consumers. Forested streams presented longer foodchains, higher occurrence and abundance of species that have more specialized habits and are intolerant to degraded environments, whereas generalist and tolerant species predominated in deforested streams. We conclude that species composition in Amazonian streams predictably responds to the degree of forest cover. 相似文献
2.
Studies on recent earthquakes highlighted that buildings with minimal structural damage still suffer from extensive damage and failure of nonstructural components. The dropping and damage of suspended ceiling systems, which typically consist of acceleration-sensitive nonstructural elements, resulted in lengthy functional disruptions and extended recovery time. This article experimentally and analytically examined the vibration properties of an integrated ceiling system considering the interactions with surrounding electrical equipment. The theoretical stiffness and corresponding frequency of electrical equipment were initially derived and then verified by subsequent vibration tests and numerical analyses. The seismic performance of the air conditioner (AC) was evaluated with different installment configurations based on design spectra and floor response spectra. Vibration tests of the suspended integrated ceiling system considering the interactions with surrounding equipment showed that the inclusion of peripheral constraints increased the first horizontal vibration frequency of the ceiling system by a factor of approximately 6. The natural frequencies of all components in the integrated ceiling system were almost identical, which was attributed to the coupled behavior between the ceiling panels and surrounding equipment, emphasizing the effect of interactions between adjacent components during dynamic analysis. Based on the above experimental investigation, an associated numerical model of the integrated ceiling system was created. Finally, corresponding parametric studies that included the interactions with surrounding equipment, reinforcing braces of ACs and strengthening members at the rise-up location between two elevations were performed. 相似文献
3.
Miguel B. Brito Mitsuyoshi Akiyama Yoshitaka Ichikawa Hiroki Yamaguchi Riki Honda Naomitsu Ishigaki 《地震工程与结构动力学》2020,49(8):817-837
A novel low-cost friction sliding system for bidirectional excitation is developed to improve the seismic performance of reinforced concrete (RC) bridge piers. The sliding system is a spherical prototype developed by combining a central flat surface with an inclined spherical segment, characterized by stable oscillation and a large reduction in response accelerations on the flat surface. The inclined part provides a restoring force that limits the residual displacements of the system. Conventional steel and concrete are employed to construct a flat-inclined spherical surface atop an RC pier. The seismic forces are dissipated through the frictions generated during the sliding movements; hence, the seismic resilience of bridges can be ensured with a low-cost design solution. The proposed system is fabricated utilizing a mold created by a three-dimensional printer, which facilitates the use of conventional concrete to construct spherical shapes. The concrete surface is lubricated with a resin material to prevent abrasion from multiple input ground motions. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the system, bidirectional shaking table tests are conducted in the longitudinal and transverse directions of a scaled bridge model. The effect of the inclination angle and the flat surface size is investigated. The results demonstrate a large decrease in response acceleration when the system exhibits circular sliding displacement. Furthermore, the inclination angle that generates the smallest residual displacement is identified experimentally. 相似文献
4.
Carolina Massmann 《水文研究》2020,34(1):4-20
Investigating the performance that can be achieved with different hydrological models across catchments with varying characteristics is a requirement for identifying an adequate model for any catchment, gauged or ungauged, just based on information about its climate and catchment properties. As parameter uncertainty increases with the number of model parameters, it is important not only to identify a model achieving good results but also to aim at the simplest model still able to provide acceptable results. The main objective of this study is to identify the climate and catchment properties determining the minimal required complexity of a hydrological model. As previous studies indicate that the required model complexity varies with the temporal scale, the study considers the performance at the daily, monthly, and annual timescales. In agreement with previous studies, the results show that catchments located in arid areas tend to be more difficult to model. They therefore require more complex models for achieving an acceptable performance. For determining which other factors influence model performance, an analysis was carried out for four catchment groups (snowy, arid, and eastern and western catchments). The results show that the baseflow and aridity indices are the most consistent predictors of model performance across catchment groups and timescales. Both properties are negatively correlated with model performance. Other relevant predictors are the fraction of snow in the annual precipitation (negative correlation with model performance), soil depth (negative correlation with model performance), and some other soil properties. It was observed that the sign of the correlation between the catchment characteristics and model performance varies between clusters in some cases, stressing the difficulties encountered in large sample analyses. Regarding the impact of the timescale, the study confirmed previous results indicating that more complex models are needed for shorter timescales. 相似文献
5.
Time series of hydrogen and oxygen stable isotope ratios (δ2H and δ18O) in rivers can be used to quantify groundwater contributions to streamflow, and timescales of catchment storage. However, these isotope hydrology techniques rely on distinct spatial or temporal patterns of δ2H and δ18O within the hydrologic cycle. In New Zealand, lack of understanding of spatial and temporal patterns of δ2H and δ18O of river water hinders development of regional and national-scale hydrological models. We measured δ2H and δ18O monthly, together with river flow rates at 58 locations across New Zealand over a two-year period. Results show: (a) general patterns of decreasing δ2H and δ18O with increasing latitude were altered by New Zealand's major mountain ranges; δ2H and δ18O were distinctly lower in rivers fed from higher elevation catchments, and in eastern rain-shadow areas of both islands; (b) river water δ2H and δ18O values were partly controlled by local catchment characteristics (catchment slope, PET, catchment elevation, and upstream lake area) that influence evaporation processes; (c) regional differences in evaporation caused the slope of the river water line (i.e., the relationship between δ2H and δ18O in river water) for the (warmer) North Island to be lower than that of the (cooler, mountain-dominated) South Island; (d) δ2H seasonal offsets (i.e., the difference between seasonal peak and mean values) for individual sites ranged from 0.50‰ to 5.07‰. Peak values of δ18O and δ2H were in late summer, but values peaked 1 month later at the South Island sites, likely due to greater snow-melt contributions to streamflow. Strong spatial differences in river water δ2H and δ18O caused by orographic rainfall effects and evaporation may inform studies of water mixing across landscapes. Generally distinct seasonal isotope cycles, despite the large catchment sizes of rivers studied, are encouraging for transit time analysis applications. 相似文献
6.
针对悬臂柱顶有拉梁和无拉梁层间隔震体系的抗震性能问题,运用增量动力分析(IDA)方法进行弹塑性分析,模拟结构从弹性到弹塑性直至最后倒塌的全过程。通过调幅地震动得到相应的层间位移角及峰值加速度,分别绘制单条与多条IDA曲线分析拉梁对隔震结构动力响应的影响,研究两种结构的抗震性能。结果表明:在相同性能点,有拉梁和无拉梁对纤维铰弯矩值和曲率值基本无影响,而在不同性能点,纤维铰状态明显不同;两种体系从正常使用阶段到防止倒塌阶段所需的加速度峰值的差距慢慢增大;在极罕遇地震下,柱顶有拉梁层间隔震体系的下部结构抗震性能要高于柱顶无拉梁层间隔震体系。 相似文献
7.
Up-to-date forest inventory information relating the characteristics of managed and natural forests is fundamental to sustainable forest management and required to inform conservation of biodiversity and assess climate change impacts and mitigation opportunities. Strategic forest inventories are difficult to compile over large areas and are often quickly outdated or spatially incomplete as a function of their long production cycle. As a consequence, automated approaches supported by remotely sensed data are increasingly sought to provide exhaustive spatial coverage for a set of core attributes in a timely fashion. The objective of this study was to demonstrate the integration of current remotely-sensed data products and pre-existing jurisdictional inventory data to map four forest attributes of interest (stand age, dominant species, site index, and stem density) for a 55 Mha study region in British Columbia, Canada. First, via image segmentation, spectrally homogenous objects were derived from Landsat surface-reflectance pixel composites. Second, a suite of Landsat-based predictors (e.g., spectral indices, disturbance history, and forest structure) and ancillary variables (e.g., geographic, topographic, and climatic) were derived for these units and used to develop predictive models of target attributes. For the often difficult classification of dominant species, two modelling approaches were compared: (a) a global Random Forests model calibrated with training samples collected over the entire study area, and (b) an ensemble of local models, each calibrated with spatially constrained local samples. Accuracy assessment based upon independent validation samples revealed that the ensemble of local models was more accurate and efficient for species classification, achieving an overall accuracy of 72% for the species which dominate 80% of the forested areas in the province. Results indicated that site index had the highest agreement between predicted and reference (R2 = 0.74, %RMSE = 23.1%), followed by stand age (R2 = 0.62, %RMSE = 35.6%), and stem density (R2 = 0.33, %RMSE = 65.2%). Inventory attributes mapped at the image-derived unit level captured much finer details than traditional polygon-based inventory, yet can be readily reassembled into these larger units for strategic forest planning purposes. Based upon this work, we conclude that in a multi-source forest monitoring program, spatially localized and detailed characterizations enabled by time series of Landsat observations in conjunction with ancillary data can be used to support strategic inventory activities over large areas. 相似文献
8.
针对矢量空间数据叛逆者追踪难及编码效率低的问题,本文提出了一种运用GD-PBIBD码的指纹算法。首先运用GD-PBIBD构造指纹编码,将待嵌入指纹序列运用Logistic映射置乱,通过D-P算法提取矢量空间数据的特征点,对特征点实施DFT变换得到相位系数和幅度系数;然后运用QIM方法将指纹嵌入DFT变换域的幅度系数上;最后应用DFT逆变换得到含指纹的矢量空间数据。试验选取部分中国路网数据和某区域绿地数据,运用该算法嵌入指纹后,对其进行线性和非线性模拟攻击,成功提取指纹序列,利用汉明距离追踪出合谋者。该算法编码构造简单,在码长一定的情况下,较BIBD码可容纳更多的用户,效率高;算法抗单用户指纹攻击及多重攻击的稳健性较好,也能够抵抗多用户最小值和最大最小值攻击,追踪到所有叛逆者,可用于矢量空间数据版权保护,为矢量空间数据叛逆者追踪提供依据。 相似文献
9.
10.