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《自然地理学》2013,34(2):137-154
Floristic composition and environmental factors vary widely among plant communities in the alpine belt. Thus far no study has attempted to measure all relevant site conditions in a larger number of alpine communities. Here we show (1) which environmental factors were highly correlated with the floristic composition of the 14 plant communities investigated in the Swiss Alps and (2) which plant communities have similar environmental affinities. In every plant community investigated, the main factors potentially having an impact on plant life were measured and the floristic composition was defined. We used nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) to determine linkage between plant communities and complex environmental gradients. The first axis of the NMDS corresponds to a climate gradient (temperature/wind speed), and the second axis corresponds to a soil gradient (soil suction/pH/Ca content). With the exception of the Nardus grassland and Carex curvula turf, plant communities belonging to the same phytosociological class are exposed to very similar combinations of environmental factors. Our study shows that the variation between phytosociological classes is much larger than within classes. Still, the variation of environmental factors within individual classes leads to a further differentiation of the floristic composition. Thus, our study reinforces the validity of the phytosociological classification.  相似文献   
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Recently there have been reports of forest regrowth occurring in different regions across the world. There is also a growing recognition of the potential beneficial impact that secondary forests may have on the global environment: providing crucial ecosystem services such as soil conservation, stabilization of hydrological cycles, carbon sequestration, and support for forest dependent communities. Consequently, there is a growing awareness of the need to recognize that landscapes are complex shifting mosaics wherein forest clearing and reforestation take place. In this study, the rates of reforestation, deforestation, forest regrowth and degradation were measured using multi-temporal Landsat images of Danjiangkou, China. Landsat data from 1990, 1999 and 2007 were (1) classified as dense forest, open forest and non-forest areas and (2) compared between years to identify forest cutting, regeneration and degradation. The results showed that there was a net gain of 29,315 ha of forest area (including dense and open forest) from 1990 to 2007, showing a clear trend of reforestation in the study area. Forest modification (degradation and regrowth) and change categories (deforestation and reforestation) occurred simultaneously during the observation time period. Socioeconomic data from public statistics and environmental attributes allowed the assessment of the socioeconomic factors and the environmental conditions that caused these changes using non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS). The research showed that the socioeconomic factors due to different policies were major driving forces of forest transition, whereas environmental attributes of the underlying landscape constrained forest cover changes. These findings have led to a better understanding of forest transition at a local scale in our study region. Comprehensive knowledge of these relationships may be useful to reconstruct past forest transitions and predict future changes, and may help to enhance sustainable management practices aimed at preserving essential ecological functions.  相似文献   
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Habitat restoration can help mitigate the extensive loss and degradation of estuarine and coastal wetlands that have consequently eroded the integrity of many migratory flyways and wintering habitat for waterbird populations. Assessing the impact of restoration strategies however relies on empirical data on waterbird community distribution patterns across natural and restored wetland components. We conducted habitat and waterbird surveys across six natural and restored wetland regions in the Yellow River Delta Nature Reserve (YRDNR), eastern China, between 2007 and 2009. We recorded 93 waterbird species, including populations of 21 global conservation importance species. Community composition was stratified into distinctive clusters with compositional structure changing across these natural, modified and restored wetland components. NMDS ordination revealed that waterbird communities in restored wetlands were significantly different from those in natural and modified wetland components. Community distribution patterns were strongly influenced by environmental gradients (most noticeably salinity), water-level regulation, vegetation composition and differences in protected status. We found marked temporal patterns in waterbird community composition, which may be predictable for the different wetland components across the YRDNR landscape. Our study highlights the conservation benefits of restoring smaller wetland components in improving the ecological integrity of the wider wetland landscape mosaic for waterbird populations. A more coherent and intensive landscape management of water-level regulation and restoration of salinity gradients will be fundamental for wetland and waterbird conservation throughout the YRDNR.  相似文献   
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莱州湾游泳动物群落结构研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
本文根据2010和2011年春季(5月)、夏季(8月)、秋季(10月)和冬季(12月)进行的8航次调查数据,研究了莱州湾游泳动物群落格局及其与环境因子关系。结果显示,调查共捕获游泳动物85种,2011年生物量略高于2010年;生物量季节间差别较大,各季节生物量排序为夏季、秋季、冬季和春季;不同年间相同季节生物量差异多不显著(秋季除外);除2010年春季外,其余季节均为鱼类生物量最高,甲壳类次之,头足类最低;从全年调查平均值来看,莱州湾西侧游泳动物生物量(60.2 kg/h)明显高于东侧(33.4 kg/h)。根据8航次31个主要种类生物量聚类分析,莱州湾20调查站位可划分为4组:组I由位于调查海域东南的3个站位组成,组II由位于调查海域东部及中部的8个站位组成,组III由调查海域西北部(黄河口南侧)的3个站位组成,组IV由西部6个站位组成。组I浮游植物丰度、浮游动物生物量、游泳动物生物量和游泳动物多样性指数在各组中均最低,而底栖动物生物量最高;组III和组IV的浮游植物丰度、浮游动物生物量以及游泳动物生物量高于组I和组II。ANOSIM分析表明,各聚类组间群落结构虽有不同,但差异并不显著。DCCA分析表明,温度、盐度、底栖动物生物量以及浮游植物丰度是影响游泳动物群落的重要因子。研究表明,目前莱州湾游泳动物群落总生物量处于较低水平,特别是春季生物量下降尤为严重;生物量的季节分布发生了较大的改变,春季生物量极低,夏季生物量相对较高;底层鱼类比例下降的趋势有所逆转,头足类比例明显增加。莱州湾游泳动物群落格局异质性较低,可能与莱州湾生境异质性低以及人类剧烈干扰密切相关。  相似文献   
5.
The rhynchonellide brachiopod Dzieduszyckia Siemiradzki is widely distributed in the Lower Famennian strata, and exhibits a wide range of morphological variations among populations. 1272 autochthonous Devonian Rongxian Dzieduszyckia fossils were collected from three populations in South China, namely the Dazhai, Dalong, and Longmi sections. A series of quantitative morphological analyses were conducted to understand the morphological variation among populations and identify the triggers responsible for such variations. The results show that the Dazhai population differs significantly in morphospace from the Dalong and Longmi populations, while the latter two exhibit more similar morphological features, suggesting that geographic distribution may play a key role in affecting Dzieduszyckia morphology. The Longmi population shows a distinct morphospace from the Dazhai population and an overlapped morphospace with the Dalong population, indicating that habitat may not be the controlling factor. Lastly, the Dazhai and Dalong populations share some morphological similarities, but the Dazhai and Longmi populations occupy completely different morphospaces, indicating that evolution had a greater impact on phenotypic divergence than habitat. Our findings suggest that geographic distribution is the predominant factor influencing the morphological variation of Dzieduszyckia, while evolution and living habitat are less significant, the former of which might play a more important role.  相似文献   
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