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岩溶地区飞机草化学防治研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在飞机草(EupatoriumodoratumL.)入侵严重的岩溶区,用样方法进行百草枯(paraquat)、草甘膦(glyphosate)及草甘膦与2,4-D的混合药剂防治野外飞机草试验,每种药剂分别设0.25%、0.5%和1%三个浓度。结果表明:施药5天后,各浓度百草枯处理的飞机草植株全部干枯;高浓度的草甘膦及高、中浓度的草甘膦+2,4-D处理下,飞机草植株2/3的叶干枯,茎半干枯。施药30天后,低浓度百草枯处理的飞机草的死亡率为77%,高浓度处理下的达100%,各处理的新生苗密度极显著小于对照;低浓度草甘膦和草甘膦+2,4-D处理的飞机草死亡率均为33%,高浓度处理的约为50%,各浓度处理下新生苗密度与对照均无显著差异。由此可见:(1)各浓度处理下百草枯的药效高于草甘膦和草甘膦+2,4-D的药效,对土壤中飞机草种子萌发具明显影响,宜用在飞机草单优势群落中。(2)较高浓度的草甘膦和草甘膦+2,4-D可防除大部分飞机草,对土壤中种子影响小,可考虑使用在飞机草为伴生植物的耕地、果园等生境中。 相似文献
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2011年我国实施了新的生活饮用水卫生标准,卫生指标扩展至106项,并配套了相关的检测方法,其中微囊藻毒素、莠去津采用液相色谱紫外检测器的检测方法;丙烯酰胺、灭草松、2,4-D采用气相色谱-电子捕获检测器的检测方法;呋喃丹、草甘膦采用液相色谱荧光检测器的检测方法。这些检测方法均有前处理程序繁琐、工作量大、可操作性差的缺点,在实际工作中应用较为困难。本文采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱技术（UPLC-MS/MS）,建立了水样过0.22 μm滤膜,直接进样测定自来水、地下水及地表水中8种有机污染物（草甘膦、呋喃丹、灭草松、莠去津、2,4-滴、丙烯酰胺、微囊藻毒素-RR和微囊藻毒素-LR）的分析方法。8种化合物在各自的线性范围内线性关系良好,相关系数均不低于0.993,定量下限为0.07~5 μg/L,低、中、高三个加标水平的回收率为94.2%~103.7%,相对标准偏差为1.1%~7.8%。本文建立的方法操作简便,可以实现在6 min内一次性分析8种目标化合物,与国家标准方法相比,显著提高了分析效率;与文献报道的均是单一类化合物检测方法相比,本检测方法具有相似的灵敏度和检测限,但是目标化合物覆盖更全面,分析时间更短。 相似文献
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互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)作为入侵物种,对我国沿海滩涂生态环境造成不利影响。为筛选成本低、见效快的互花米草化学除控剂,本研究选取了草甘膦、草铵膦2种除草剂,采用盆栽与大田试验探讨除草剂剂量及复配对互花米草的除控效果,通过底栖生物白蛤(Mactra veneriformis)和青蛤(Cyclina sinensis)培养模拟实验评价其生态安全性。结果表明,单一施用时草铵膦效果要优于草甘膦,最佳用量是药剂制造商推荐量的150%,但单一施用对互花米草致死率仅为20%;复配可以显著提高互花米草致死率、降低生物量,草甘膦、草铵膦复配处理的大田试验最佳用量为9450 mL/hm2、13500 mL/hm2,致死率可达90%。底栖生物培养试验结果表明,在所应用的剂量范围内,草甘膦和草铵膦对本土底栖生物致死率为0,在体内略有富集,但总体生态安全影响较小。本研究着重于滨海湿地互花米草的化学除控方式及生物安全性评价,以期为今后互花米草的除控研究提供参考。 相似文献
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Al-Shami S A Che Salmah M R Siti Azizah M N Abu Hassan A Azmi M 《湿地科学》2006,4(4):241-246
1 INTRODUCTIONRice field is a unique man -made wetland envi-ronment where many varieties of aquatic insects oc-curred ( Ali, Ahmad, 1988; Yamazaki,et al,2001a; Che Salmah, Abu Hassan, 2002). Duringrice cultivation in Malaysia, herbicides are used in-tensi… 相似文献
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Lan Wei Fangbai Li Chengshuai Liu Chuanping Liu Manjia Chen Qing Lan 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2013,41(9):856-864
The present research elucidates the accelerating effect of alumina minerals on metolachlor transformation using sulfur nucleophiles and also determines the metolachlor transformation mechanisms in the heterogeneous reaction systems. Metolachlor transformation was first systematically investigated under different conditions. Then, the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra were used to characterize the changes in the surface bonds of the aluminas. The transformation products were qualitatively identified using LC/MS. The results showed that bisulfide can produce efficient metolachlor transformation rates, and the presence of the aluminas can further accelerate the transformation by achieving complete transformation in <21 days. In addition, a higher pH and higher bisulfide concentration are more favorable for metolachlor transformation. When normalized to the surface area, the metolachlor transformation rates were found to follow the order of α‐Al2O3>γ‐AlOOH>γ‐Al2O3 in the presence of different aluminas. FTIR results indicated that the enhancement of metolachlor transformation rates by bisulfide with aluminas can be attributed to the surface active nucleophiles on alumina surfaces formed through Al? S and Al? O bonds. The substitution of chlorine on the metolachlor followed the SN2 mechanism by bisulfide with accelerated rate through mediating the heterogeneous reactions with aluminas. 相似文献
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Six specimens were caught in 602–802 m of water off the South Island between August 1975 and October 1977: three males of 730–1340 mm total length, and three females of 1350–1575 mm. These are the first records of the species for New Zealand. 相似文献
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The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park (GBRMP) is an ecosystem whose ecological features are recognized internationally. There is a need to evaluate the impacts of historical and contemporary changes in land use on the GBRMP. This paper quantifies pesticide inputs in the Herbert River catchment of North Queensland in the context of changes in land use over the last 100 years. We show that three major phases of rural land use and land cover change have occurred, with large areas of native vegetation converted to agricultural production. The increase in agricultural land has seen a corresponding increase in the area receiving pesticides. We present data showing application histories for organochlorine, organophosphate, phenoxy, triazine, urea, mercurial and azole group pesticides. While the fate of these pesticides in aquatic and marine systems is largely unknown, these trends pose a significant challenge for agricultural industries in complying with the principles of ecologically sustainable development (ESD). 相似文献
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固相萃取-液相色谱/质谱法是三嗪类和酰胺类除草剂常用的检测方法。本文针对现有分析方法仪器分析时间较长的缺点,以HLB柱为固相萃取柱,二氯甲烷-丙酮混合液(V∶V=4∶1)为洗脱剂,氟罗里硅土柱为净化柱,采用快速液相色谱柱,建立了固相萃取-液相色谱/质谱法快速测定地下水中14种三嗪类和2种酰胺类除草剂的方法。实验考察了固相萃取柱、定量离子扫描时间、富集柱洗脱溶剂、净化柱等因素对三嗪类和酰胺类除草剂测定的影响。通过延长定量离子的扫描时间,可以降低大部分目标化合物的相对标准偏差,提高仪器的稳定性;富集柱洗脱溶剂的极性对目标化合物回收率有较大影响,使用较强极性的二氯甲烷-丙酮(V∶V=4∶1)洗脱剂可以获得较高的目标化合物回收率;采用氟罗里硅土柱对萃取液进行净化,可除去干扰物,降低基体效应的影响。研究结果表明,14种三嗪类除草剂和2种酰胺类除草剂的检出限均小于0.40μg/L,在低、中、高三种添加浓度下,回收率均满足要求。本方法虽然色谱峰重叠较多,但仪器分析时间为5.10 min,与现有方法的仪器分析时间(15 min以上)相比,分析时间短,检出限低,能够满足日常环境水样中农药残留分析检测的需要。 相似文献
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Pesticide and Herbicide Residues in Sediments and Seagrasses from the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area and Queensland Coast 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Pesticides and herbicides including organochlorine compounds have had extensive current and past application by Queensland's intensive coastal agriculture industry as well as for a wide range of domestic, public health and agricultural purposes in urban areas. The persistent nature of these types of compounds together with possible continued illegal use of banned organochlorine compounds raises the potential for continued long-term chronic exposure to plants and animals of the Great Barrier Reef. Sediment and seagrass samples were collected from 16 intertidal and 25 subtidal sampling sites between Torres Strait and Townsville, near Mackay and Gladstone, and in Hervey and Moreton Bays in 1997 and 1998 and analysed for pesticide and herbicide residues. Low levels of atrazine (0.1–0.3 μg kg−1), diuron (0.2–10.1 μg kg−1), lindane (0.08–0.19 μg kg−1), dieldrin (0.05–0.37 μg kg−1), DDT (0.05–0.26 μg kg−1), and DDE (0.05–0.26 μg kg−1) were detected in sediments and/or seagrasses. Contaminants were mainly detected in samples collected along the high rainfall, tropical coast between Townsville and Port Douglas and in Moreton Bay. Of the contaminants detected, the herbicide diuron is of most concern as the concentrations detected have some potential to impact local seagrass communities. 相似文献
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