虾夷扇贝天然苗种筛选装置的研究与应用     

张晓芳  李明智  王仁海  刘学民  赵伟东  赵德辉  王犇  张铎巍  丁梦豪 《海洋科学》2018,42(8):56-61

随着贝类底播增养殖产业的迅猛发展,为保证底播贝苗的成活率,养殖企业对天然苗种更加重视。天然苗种采用中间育成方法,需要对苗种进行筛选作业,但目前筛选作业仍以人工作业为主,存在作业效率低、劳动强度大等问题。作者通过对大连地区虾夷扇贝(Patinopecten yessoensis)天然苗种筛选作业调研的基础上,设计了满足生产实际需求的扇贝苗种筛选装置,可实现3种规格贝苗的筛选作业。试验分2阶段进行,第1阶段对影响筛选准确性的因素进行正交分析于验证,确定了最佳工艺参数;第2阶段在大连旅顺进行的生产性对比试验得出,机械筛选的平均准确率为91.33%,误差率低于10%,且5组筛选结果无显著性差异(P0.05);同时机械筛选的平均作业效率为80g/(人/min),约为人工筛选作业效率的8倍。由此说明扇贝苗种筛选装置具有较高的准确性、稳定性和高效性,具有推广应用价值。  相似文献   

Bald kelp: natural and harvesting-induced frond loss in the South African kelp Ecklonia maxima     

C Elston  LM Price 《African Journal of Marine Science》2015,37(3):373-381

Ecklonia maxima dominates kelp beds on the west coast of southern Africa, and is commercially and ecologically valuable. Some plants lose all their secondary blades (fronds), leaving only the gas-filled bulb and short primary blade at the top of the stipe. These ‘bald’ kelps may persist for months or longer, occupying substratum space but contributing little to productivity. We investigated natural causes of balding in five kelp beds in False Bay, South Africa, and the effect of simulated commercial frond-harvesting on loss of fronds. Densities of sporophytes with and without fronds were measured at the water surface during low tides. Generalised linear modelling analysis showed a significant relationship between balding and site (whether sheltered from or exposed to swell/wind), position in the kelp bed (shoreward or seaward) and total E. maxima density. We conclude that balding is caused mainly by drying of meristematic basal regions of fronds during emersion of kelp heads at low tide. After partial harvesting of fronds, kelp heads floated higher out of the water, but after 95 days frond loss was significantly higher only when fronds were cut too close to the primary blade, possibly because of damage to meristematic tissue. Nevertheless, increased emersion that results from frond-harvesting may increase desiccation and blade loss and we suggest caution in setting harvest limits for this kelp.  相似文献   

Food web structure within kelp holdfasts (Laminaria): a stable isotope study     

Gauthier Schaal  Pascal Riera  Cédric Leroux 《Marine Ecology》2012,33(3):370-376

Kelp holdfasts are highly reticulated structures which host a large diversity of small fauna. These microhabitats have been reported to play a crucial role in the biodiversity associated to kelp forest ecosystems. This study aimed at identifying trophic links and the main food sources sustaining food webs within communities associated with kelp holdfasts, through a stable isotope (δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N) approach. Sampling of the main invertebrates inhabiting Laminaria digitata holdfasts, and of their potential food sources, took place in February and May 2007. Stable isotope results reveal that most of the primary consumers, including filter-feeders and deposit-feeders, rely on the particulate organic matter sedimented within kelp holdfasts. Only three grazers departed from this general pattern. The correspondence between the stable isotope ratios of predators and sediment consumers indicated that this source is at the base of the main pathway through which energy and matter transit in the food web. δ¹⁵N ranges found for consumers revealed that the food web associated with kelp holdfasts is composed of 3.5 levels. In spite of the low diversity of food sources at the base of the food web, these microhabitats can therefore be considered micro-scale ecosystems, from a functional perspective.  相似文献   

大泷六线鱼人工繁殖及育苗技术初步研究   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

潘雷  胡发文  高凤祥  菅玉霞  张少春  王雪  郭文 《海洋科学》2012,36(12):39-44

总结了2009 ～2010年关于大泷六线鱼(Hexagrammos otakii)人工繁殖及育苗技术的研究结果,论述了大泷六线鱼苗种繁育的关键技术.通过对亲鱼强化培育和促熟,创新发明人工平面授精技术和网箱吊式孵化技术,加强饵料的合理搭配与投喂、水质调控技术等措施,突破了大泷六线鱼人工繁殖的技术难点,明显提高了受精率、孵化率和苗种成活率,解决了人工繁殖大泷六线鱼苗种生产问题.在水温16～ 17℃,盐度31,光照500 ～ 1000 1x的培育条件下,大泷六线鱼鱼苗经过90 ～ 100 d的培育,全长生长至5 ～6cm.2009和2010年分别培育出全长5 cm以上大泷六线鱼鱼苗4.1万尾、11.4万尾,苗种成活率分别达到41.7％、43.2％,在国内首次实现了大泷六线鱼人工规模化繁育.  相似文献   

山东半岛近岸海带养殖活动对水体光学吸收特性的影响          下载免费PDF全文

姜珊珊  黄海军  董玉国  刘艳霞  严立文  王启飞  李冰 《海洋科学》2023,47(10):10-24

为了研究近岸海带养殖活动对水体光学特性的影响,本文选取山东半岛黑泥湾海域为典型研究区,利用2021年4月和8月在该区的9站同步观测数据,分析其总悬浮颗粒物、藻类颗粒物、非藻类颗粒物以及有色溶解有机物的吸收特性,并计算各组分对总吸收系数的贡献率,同时采用Quasi-analytical algorithm (QAA)算法借助MODIS影像反演了水体总吸收系数,结合实测数据获得了黑泥湾水体吸收特性的季节变化情况。结果表明,有海带养殖季节表层水体藻类颗粒物、非藻类颗粒物、总颗粒物和有色溶解有机物的吸收系数明显大于无海带养殖季节,且春季海带养殖区水体的总吸收系数大于无海带养殖区;海底表层沉积物的再悬浮造成底层吸收系数较大,而在春季成熟期的海带汇聚较大量的有机物质导致中层藻类颗粒物吸收系数相对较高;参考波长向红波移动,QAA_v5算法能够较好地估算该区表层水体吸收系数,且在海带养殖季节水体组分会影响到更长的波段特征。本研究可为深入了解海带养殖对水体各组分浓度和分布、碳循环以及水生生态系统的结构和功能的影响提供参照,并有助于提高近岸水体组分的遥感反演精度。  相似文献   

文蛤MERETRIX MERETRIX LINNAEUS工厂化人工育苗试验   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

吴洪喜  徐爱光  蔡志飞 《海洋湖沼通报》1998,(3)

文蛤的人工催产、浮游幼虫培育和稚贝水泥池培养试验结果表明：（1）用阴干与流水结合的方法刺激亲贝能获得理想俏产效果。（2）在水温28．0～29．1℃，比重1．0160—1．0187，pH值8．2－8．4条件下，用亚心形扁藻作文蛤D幼的开口饵料和壳顶幼虫饵料，生长快（日增长高达24．5μm）、成活率高（72．3％）、浮游期短（仅5－6天）。（3）文蛤眼点功出水泥池无砂底附苗试验获得成功，且单位面积附苗量高达433．3万颗／m2。（4）室内水泥池铺砂培养文蛤稚贝，前期生长快，但当壳长达300μm后，稚贝分泌一种粘液，生长和成活受到影响。建议定期翻池洗苗，当壳长达500μm后尽早将苗移至池塘内砂滩培养。  相似文献   

Trophic significance of the kelp Laminaria digitata (Lamour.) for the associated food web: a between-sites comparison     

Gauthier Schaal  Pascal Riera  Cédric Leroux 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2009

This study aimed at establishing the trophic significance of the kelp Laminaria digitata for consumers inhabiting two rocky shores of Northern Brittany (France), displaying contrasted ecological conditions. The general trophic structure did not vary between these two sites, with a wide diversity of filter-feeders and predators, and only 14% of the species sampled belonging to the grazers' trophic group. The diversity of food sources fueling the food web appeared also similar. The food webs comprised four trophic levels and the prevalence of omnivory appeared relatively low compared to previous studies in the same area. Conversely, to the food web structure, which did not differ, the biochemical composition of L. digitata differed between the two sites, and was correlated to a larger diversity of grazers feeding on this kelp in sheltered conditions. This indicated that the spatial variability occurring in the nutritive value of L. digitata is likely to deeply affect the functioning of kelp-associated food webs. The contribution of L. digitata-derived organic matter to the diet of filter-feeders inhabiting these two environments was assessed using the mixing model Isosource, which showed the higher contribution of kelp matter in sheltered conditions. These results highlight the spatial variability that may occur in the functioning of kelp-associated food webs. Moreover, this suggests that hydrodynamics is likely to control the availability of kelp-derived organic matter to local filter-feeders, probably through an increase of detritus export in exposed areas.  相似文献   

科尔沁沙地杨树苗木生长过程中蒸腾耗水规律研究   总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4  

岳广阳  赵哈林  张铜会  牛丽 《中国沙漠》2009,29(4):674-679

 应用热平衡茎流测量技术,Li-6400光合作用测量系统和自动气象站,对科尔沁沙地杨树苗木生长过程中的蒸腾耗水规律及其与环境因子的关系进行研究。结果表明,杨树液流日变化曲线根据天气条件的不同呈现为多峰或宽峰状态,液流启动时间为04:30,并在21:00达到最低值。液流通量密度变化趋势与环境因子变化趋势相吻合,液流的变化是受各环境因子综合作用的结果。光合有效辐射(Q)和空气水蒸汽压亏缺(D)是杨树苗木蒸腾耗水的主要驱动因子,它们对于液流变化的影响快速而直接。杨树属于高耗水低水分利用型植物,适合在水分条件较好的立地条件下进行栽植。  相似文献   

莆田近岸海域海带烂孔病起因的初步研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

张丽 《应用海洋学学报》2019,38(3):433-439

2019年3月莆田近岸海域海带尾部烂孔后逐渐向根部蔓延,孔洞相连后海带脱落,时空规律为先南后北逐渐发病,共涉及养殖面积约7 km2,给莆田近岸海带养殖带来了较大的损失。初步研究分析了海带大规模烂孔的原因,主要结果如下:海区温度异常升高,盐度持续较低,连续阴天光照不足,环境变化超出了细胞生理承受能力从而造成海带烂孔。此次诊断,对渔业生产及海洋环境监测结果在渔业上的应用均具有一定的现实意义。  相似文献   

华南桉树人工林芒萁层片的生态筛效应     

刘美洁  孙中宇  耿守保  温美丽  戴佳玲  杨龙 《热带地理》2021,41(6):1338-1346

芒萁是华南退化坡地上最具代表性的先锋种、优势种和关键种,能够快速形成密集的单优种层片结构。与传统阻碍更新的观点不同,野外观察发现芒萁层片内仍有少数物种能够成功定居,被认为具有生态筛效应。文章通过设置4种芒萁层片处理（芒萁层片完全剔除-UR;仅保留地上层-AF;仅保留根毯层-AR;芒萁层片全部保留-CK）,分别在不同处理下移植目标种幼苗并结合土壤性状,探究芒萁层片生态筛效应及其潜在机理。结果发现：1）桉林芒萁根毯层中土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾、交换性钠、交换性钙、交换性镁和阳离子交换量均显著高于芒萁红壤层和裸地红壤;2）多数乔木种和草本种在芒萁根毯层保留时无法存活,仅荷木、桃金娘、梅叶冬青和野牡丹等目标种幼苗在保留芒萁根毯层处理（AR和CK）下能够存活与生长。这表明芒萁层片确实具有生态筛效应,且其关键在于根毯层的作用而并非土壤养分改善作用。理论上,芒萁层片（尤其是根毯层）与生态恢复的生物阈值突破密切相关,未来需要进一步解析芒萁根毯层的结构与功能。应用上,华南地区存在大量以芒萁为单优林下植物的人工林类型（如桉林等）,在进行结构优化与林分改造时需注意芒萁的生态筛效应。  相似文献