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1.
Arsenic contamination from roxarsone in livestock manure is common, and livestock manure continuously accumulates in the open environment. Evaluations of the environmental processes of As mobilization and transformation are critical for predicting the fate of As compounds after roxarsone degradation. In this study, spatiotemporal variations in As species and microbial community structure were characterized using laboratory column experiments with background soil collected from Yanggu County (northern Shandong Plain, China), a region of intense poultry production. Organic and inorganic arsenic were detected by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and HPLC with hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry (HPLC-HG-AFS), respectively. High-throughput sequencing technology was used to describe microbial diversity. Results showed that roxarsone was transformed completely within 7 days, and As(Ⅲ) and As(Ⅴ) were the major degradation products. The concentration of As(Ⅲ) was much lower than that of As(Ⅴ). The As(Ⅲ) concentration increased significantly after Day 14, whereas the As(Ⅴ) concentration increased significantly after Day 84, indicating that As(Ⅲ) was initially produced. The microbial community structure changed significantly as roxarsone transformed into various As compounds. A critical and dominant bacterial strain, norank_f__Family_XVⅢ, was found to be related to the degradation of roxarsone into As(Ⅲ). This study improves our understanding of the fate of As species released from poultry litter to soil and groundwater, which is a threat to human health and environment.  相似文献   
2.
The drought of summer 2018, which affected much of Northern Europe, resulted in low river flows, biodiversity loss and threats to water supplies. In some regions, like the Scottish Highlands, the summer drought followed two consecutive, anomalously dry, winter periods. Here, we examine how the drought, and its antecedent conditions, affected soil moisture, groundwater storage, and low flows in the Bruntland Burn; a sub-catchment of the Girnock Burn long-term observatory in the Scottish Cairngorm Mountains. Fifty years of rainfall-runoff observations and long-term modelling studies in the Girnock provided unique contextualisation of this extreme event in relation to more usual summer storage dynamics. Whilst summer precipitation in 2018 was only 63% of the long-term mean, soil moisture storage across much of the catchment were less than half of their summer average and seasonal groundwater levels were 0.5 m lower than normal. Hydrometric and isotopic observations showed that ~100 mm of river flows during the summer (May-Sept) were sustained almost entirely by groundwater drainage, representing ~30% of evapotranspiration that occurred over the same period. A key reason that the summer drought was so severe was because the preceding two winters were also dry and failed to adequately replenish catchment soil moisture and groundwater stores. As a result, the drought had the biggest catchment storage deficits for over a decade, and likely since 1975–1976. Despite this, recovery was rapid in autumn/winter 2018, with soil and groundwater stores returning to normal winter values, along with stream flows. The study emphasizes how long-term data from experimental sites are key to understanding the non-linear flux-storage interactions in catchments and the “memory effects” that govern the evolution of, and recovery from, droughts. This is invaluable both in terms of (a) giving insights into hydrological behaviours that will become more common water resource management problems in the future under climate change and (b) providing extreme data to challenge hydrological models.  相似文献   
3.
Long-term experimental watershed studies have significantly influenced our global understanding of hydrological processes. The discovery and characterization of how stream water quantity and quality respond to a changing environment (e.g. land-use change, acidic deposition) has only been possible due to the establishment of catchments devoted to long-term study. One such catchment is the Fernow Experimental Forest (FEF) located in the headwaters of the Appalachian Mountains in West Virginia, a region that provides essential freshwater ecosystem services to eastern and mid-western United States communities. Established in 1934, the FEF is among the earliest experimental watershed studies in the Eastern United States that continues to address emergent challenges to forest ecosystems, including climate change and other threats to forest health. This data note describes available data and presents some findings from more than 50 years of hydrologic research at the FEF. During the first few decades, research at the FEF focused on the relationship between forest management and hydrological processes—especially those related to the overall water balance. Later, research included the examination of interactions between hydrology and soil erosion, biogeochemistry, N-saturation, and acid deposition. Hydro-climatologic and water quality datasets from long-term measurements and data from short-duration studies are publicly available to provide new insights and foster collaborations that will continue to advance our understanding of hydrology in forested headwater catchments. As a result of its rich history of research and abundance of long-term data, the FEF is positioned to continue to advance understanding of forest ecosystems in a time of unprecedented change.  相似文献   
4.
1996—2015年黄河源区植被覆盖度提取和时空变化分析   总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0  
研究黄河源区植被覆盖度时空变化对于深入理解青藏高原多年冻土区在气候变化和人类活动双重作用下的植被响应,以及为黄河源区生态环境保护和治理提供决策具有重要的意义。以陆地卫星(Landsat)影像为主要数据源,利用多端元混合像元分解模型(Multiple Endmember Spectral Mixture Analysis,MESMA),完成了1996—2015年黄河源区4.4万km2、7个时相的植被覆盖度提取,并基于转移矩阵和一元线性回归趋势法分析了植被覆盖度变化情况。结果表明:黄河源区东南部植被覆盖度较高,西北部植被覆盖度较低,且植被覆盖度在空间上由东南向西北呈递减趋势。1996—2004年植被覆盖度整体呈下降趋势,2004—2015年植被覆盖度呈增加趋势。1996—2015年植被覆盖度呈增加趋势的区域占57.25%,基本不变的区域占16.02%,植被覆盖度呈下降趋势的区域占26.73%。植被覆盖度下降的主要原因是黄河源头及一些河谷地带、环湖地区受人类影响较大,且东南部海拔较低地区受到过度放牧的影响。尽管黄河源区1996—2015年植被覆盖度总体呈改善趋势,但毒杂草的面积也由1996年的16 060 km2增加到2015年的22 942 km2,20年间增加了6 882 km2,毒杂草面积的增加对黄河源区局部地区畜牧业的发展有不利影响。  相似文献   
5.
The H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest (HJA) encompasses the 6400 ha Lookout Creek watershed in western Oregon, USA. Hydrologic, chemistry and precipitation data have been collected, curated, and archived for up to 70 years. The HJA was established in 1948 to study the effects of harvest of old-growth conifer forest and logging-road construction on water quality, quantity and vegetation succession. Over time, research questions have expanded to include terrestrial and aquatic species, communities and ecosystem dynamics. There are nine small experimental watersheds and 10 gaging stations in the HJA, including both reference and experimentally treated watersheds. Gaged watershed areas range from 8.5 to 6242 ha. All gaging stations record stage height, water conductivity, water temperature and above-stream air temperature. At nine of the gage sites, flow-proportional water samples are collected and composited over 3-week intervals for chemical analysis. Analysis of stream and precipitation chemistry began in 1968. Analytes include dissolved and particulate species of nitrogen and phosphorus, dissolved organic carbon, pH, specific conductance, suspended sediment, alkalinity, and major cations and anions. Supporting climate measurements began in the 1950s in association with the first small watershed experiments. Over time, and following the initiation of the Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) grant in 1980, infrastructure expanded to include a set of benchmark and secondary meteorological stations located in clearings spanning the elevation range within the Lookout Creek watershed, as well as a large number of forest understory temperature stations. Extensive metadata on sensor configurations, changes in methods over time, sensor accuracy and precision, and data quality control flags are associated with the HJA data.  相似文献   
6.
The ecosystem services provided by forests modulate runoff generation processes, nutrient cycling and water and energy exchange between soils, vegetation and atmosphere. Increasing atmospheric CO2 affects many linked aspects of forest and catchment function in ways we do not adequately understand. Global levels of atmospheric CO2 will be around 40% higher in 2050 than current levels, yet estimates of how water and solute fluxes in forested catchments will respond to increased CO2 are highly uncertain. The Free Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE) facility of the University of Birmingham's Institute of Forest Research (BIFoR) is the only FACE in mature deciduous forest. The site specializes in fundamental studies of the response of whole ecosystem patches of mature, deciduous, temperate woodland to elevated CO2 (eCO2). Here, we describe a dataset of hydrological parameters – seven weather parameters at each of three heights and four locations, shallow soil moisture and temperature, stream hydrology and CO2 enrichment – retrieved at high frequency from the BIFoR FACE catchment.  相似文献   
7.
2000—2019年秦岭南北实际蒸散发时空变化特征   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
基于遥感数据全面认识复杂地形单元实际蒸散发时空规律,对区域可持续水资源管理具有重要的意义。论文基于MODIS实际蒸散发(ET)数据,对2000—2019年秦岭南北ET时空变化特征进行分析,探究不同分区ET对植被变化的响应关系,进而识别ET趋势和年代变化的高相关海气环流因素。结果表明:① 在变化趋势上,以1000 m等高线为界,即秦岭地区北亚热带和山地暖温带的分界线,低海拔河谷地带为ET显著增加区,山地高海拔地区为ET下降区;② 除城市、乡镇周边地区,研究期间秦岭南北下垫面相对稳定,转为生态用地的活跃区主要分布在山地1000 m过渡带,其是ET与NDVI变化显著相关区,而1000 m以上高海拔地区两者相关性较低;③ ENSO、青藏高原北部气压异常,与秦岭山地、汉江谷地ET的趋势变化和年代波动显著相关,而西太平洋副热带高压与ET的趋势显著相关,与年代波动特征相关较弱。即发生中部型厄尔尼诺事件时,西太平洋副热带高压偏强,对流层低层形成异常反气旋,导致中国东部雨带北移,秦岭山地和汉江谷地降水偏少,气温偏高,ET往往偏大。研究结果启示:秦岭南北科学适应气候变化时,应关注秦岭山地、汉江谷地ET变化显著相关的环流信号;应深刻理解秦岭高海拔地区蒸散发下降趋势对区域水资源管理的影响。  相似文献   
8.
阿勒泰地区植被覆盖度及ET对气温变化的响应   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1       下载免费PDF全文
韩飞飞  闫俊杰  郭斌 《干旱区地理》2019,42(6):1436-1444
研究气温对植被覆盖度和ET (Evapotranspiration,ET)的影响,对干旱区应对气候变化、维系生态系统稳定具有重要意义。基于阿勒泰地区及周边7个气象站,CRU数据集中的气温数据及MODIS ET数据,采用Mann-Kendall非参数检验、植被盖度反演等方法,对阿勒泰地区气温变化对植被覆盖度及ET的影响进行了研究。结果表明:(1)在1901—2016年过去的116 a间,阿勒泰地区年平均气温以0.18 ℃·(10 a)-1速率增加,在1982年由突变前的2.2 ℃增加到突变后的3.5 ℃。(2)2000—2017年阿勒泰地区植被覆盖度变化的空间差异明显,植被覆盖度增加的面积与降低的面积总体相当;全区66.71%的区域植被覆盖度变化与气温呈负相关,而呈正相关的比例仅占18.55%,且全区气温变暖而盖度降低区域的占比达31.71%。(3)2000—2016年阿勒泰地区ET总体呈降低趋势,整个区域61.65%的面积温度降低、ET降低,而19.92%的区域表现为温度增加而植被ET降低。  相似文献   
9.
利用北天山地区2016~2019年观测的4期流动重力观测资料,分析研究一年尺度的重力场动态变化特征,并利用小波分析方法,将不同场源深度的重力异常进行分离。通过功率谱分析,获取各阶小波重力细节对应的场源深度。研究结果表明,2017年8月9日精河MS6.6地震前,震中位于负值集中区,四阶小波重力细节显示震中附近出现明显的四象限分布;2020年1月16日库车MS5.6地震前,震中位于负值区,小波重力细节整体量值较小;功率谱估算的场源近似深度与2次地震的震源深度相近。  相似文献   
10.
浮游植物物候能够反映浮游植物的生长变化与湖泊生态系统的变化,水温、营养盐浓度等因素对物候有重要影响。太湖富营养化程度较高,水温的影响作用日趋显著,物候与水温关系的研究对理解、控制和改善太湖生态系统具有重要意义。本研究利用2003—2018年MODIS遥感数据计算浮游植物物候指标和湖泊水表温度(Temperature of Water Surface,LSWT),通过分析太湖浮游植物物候时空变化特点探究了不同区域的物候特征,并结合LSWT揭示了浮游植物物候对LSWT变化的响应关系。结果表明:① 不同浮游植物物候指标具有不同空间分布特点,水华发生次数、峰值叶绿素a(Chla)浓度和水华总持续时间呈现由西部沿岸向湖心区递减的趋势;浮游植物生长开始时间和峰值Chla发生时间分布复杂但在沿岸区域相对较早;② 太湖可被划分为4种具有不同物候特征的区域,Ⅰ类区域主要位于贡湖湾、东部沿岸以及太湖中部开阔水域,该区Chla浓度范围为50~60 μg/L,且波动平缓,水华发生次数最少、开始最晚、持续时间最短;Ⅱ类区域主要分布于太湖西部沿岸,Chla浓度范围为50~90 μg/L且变化剧烈,该区水华发生次数最多、开始最早、持续时间最长;Ⅲ和Ⅳ类属于过渡区域,前者主要分布于梅梁湾、竺山湾及入湾口,后者主要位于南部沿岸以及太湖中部;③ 浮游植物物候对LSWT变化的响应受营养水平影响,当营养水平较高时,浮游植物的生长受LSWT的促进作用显著,LSWT年际变化的升高趋势对浮游植生长物候提前、生物量增加的影响明显,反之,则LSWT变化对浮游植物生长的影响减弱。  相似文献   
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