Evaluation of riverbed magnetic susceptibility for mapping biogeochemical hot spots in groundwater-impacted rivers     

Chen Wang  Martin A. Briggs  Frederick D. Day-Lewis  Lee D. Slater 《水文研究》2021,35(5):e14184

Redox hot spots occurring as metal-rich anoxic groundwater discharges through oxic wetland and river sediments commonly result in the formation of iron (Fe) oxide precipitates. These redox-sensitive precipitates influence the release of nutrients and metals to surface water and can act as ‘contaminant sponges’ by absorbing toxic compounds. We explore the feasibility of a non-invasive, high-resolution magnetic susceptibility (MS) technique to efficiently map the spatial variations of magnetic Fe oxide precipitates in the shallow bed of three rivers impacted by anoxic groundwater discharge. Laboratory analyses on Mashpee River (MA, USA) sediments demonstrate the sensitivity of MS to sediment Fe concentrations. Field surveys in the Mashpee and Quashnet rivers (MA, USA) reveal several discrete high MS zones, which are associated with likely anoxic groundwater discharge as evaluated by riverbed temperature, vertical head gradient, and groundwater chemistry measurements. In the East River (CO, USA), widespread cobbles/rocks exhibit high background MS from geological ferrimagnetic minerals, thereby obscuring the relatively small enhancement of MS from groundwater induced Fe oxide precipitates. Our study suggests that, in settings with low geological sources of magnetic minerals such as lowland rivers and wetlands, MS may serve as a complementary tool to temperature methods for efficiently mapping Fe oxide accumulation zones due to anoxic groundwater discharges that may function as biogeochemical hot spots and water quality control points in gaining systems.  相似文献   

烃源岩不同性质有机酸的分离及其检测方法     

杜佳宗  何蓓  蔡进功  雷天柱  刘庆  谢忠怀 《高校地质学报》2020,26(5):540-548

烃源岩中的有机酸来源于有机质，但有机质具有不同的赋存形式，有机酸具有不同性质，这将影响有机酸与不同赋存有机质的关系，进而影响分离和检测方法。文章在总结前人对有机质赋存形式和有机酸性质等特征的基础上，提出烃源岩中的有机酸并以非单一的形式存在，具有水溶性、脂溶性和难溶性有机酸三种类型，游离有机质中存在水溶性和脂溶性有机酸，而结合有机质中存在水溶性、脂溶性和难溶性有机酸。因此在检测方法上需采取分步分离的方法，且根据有机酸的性质选取合适的检测方法，即水溶性有机酸利用离子色谱检测，索氏抽提得到的脂溶性有机酸利用气相色谱—质谱检测，通过酸解抽提残渣得到的难溶性有机酸利用红外光谱检测，全面系统地认识烃源岩中有机酸含量和类型等特征。这对进一步探讨烃源岩各种类型有机酸特征和演化规律，深化烃源岩有机质生烃以及有机—无机相互作用等机理都具有重要意义。  相似文献   

京津冀夏季强降水下冰云宏微观特征          下载免费PDF全文

郑倩  郑有飞  王立稳  李特  林彤  杜傢义 《干旱区地理》2019,42(1):67-76

根据Aqua MODIS 2级云产品和Cloudsat的2级产品资料，结合降水数据和MODIS L1B级辐射率数据，对发生在京津冀地区夏季的三次强降水过程中冰云的宏微观物理量的特征进行分析，并探究这些物理量和降水强度的关系。结果表明：在水平分布中，强降水过程中降水强度高值区内云相为冰云，冰云云顶高度在8~17 km，冰云粒子有效半径、冰云光学厚度、冰水路径分别最高可达60 μm、 150、 5 000 g?m^-2；冰云光学厚度、冰水路径、冰云云顶高度随降水强度增大而增大。在垂直分布中，冰云主要分布在3.5 km以上，发生强降水站点的冰云为深对流云，冰云粒子有效半径、冰水含量、冰云粒子数浓度分别最高可达150 μm、 3 000 mg?m^-3 、 500 L^-1；冰云粒子有效半径高值区存在于云层中下部，且随高度上升而减小，冰云粒子数浓度高值区存在于云层中上部，且随高度上升而增加，冰水含量高值区则存在于云层中部；冰云粒子有效半径、冰水含量、冰云粒子数浓度在9 km以上随降水强度增大而增大。  相似文献   

The thermal maturity of sedimentary basins as revealed by magnetic mineralogy     

Mansour M. Abdelmalak  Stéphane Polteau 《Basin Research》2020,32(6):1510-1531

The thermal evolution of sedimentary basins is usually constrained by maturity data, which is interpreted from Rock-Eval pyrolysis and vitrinite reflectance analytical results on field or boreholes samples. However, some thermal evolution models may be inaccurate due to the use of elevated maturities measured in samples collected within an undetected metamorphic contact aureole surrounding a magmatic intrusion. In this context, we investigate the maturity and magnetic mineralogy of 16 claystone samples from Disko-Svartenhuk Basin, part of the SE Baffin Bay volcanic margin. Samples were collected within thermal contact metamorphic aureoles near magma intrusions, as well as equivalent reference samples not affected by intrusions. Rock-Eval pyrolysis (T_max), and vitrinite reflectance (Ro) analysis were performed to assess the thermal maturity, which lies in the oil window when 435°C ≤ T_max ≤ 470°C and 0.6%–0.7% ≤ Ro ≤ 1.3%. In addition, we performed low- (<300K) and high-temperature (>300K) investigations of isothermal remanent magnetization to assess the magnetic mineralogy of the selected samples. The maturity results (0.37% ≤ Ro ≤ 2%, 22°C ≤ T_max ≤ 604°C) show a predominance of immature to early mature Type III organic matter, but do not reliably identify the contact aureole when compared to the reference samples. The magnetic assemblage of the immature samples consists of iron sulphide (greigite), goethite and oxidized or non-stoichiometric magnetite. The magnetic assemblage of the early mature to mature samples consists of stoichiometric magnetite and fine-grained pyrrhotite (<1 μm). These results document the disappearance of the iron sulphide (greigite) and increase in content of magnetite during normal burial. On the other hand, magnetite is interpreted to be the dominant magnetic mineral inside the contact aureole surrounding dyke/sill intrusions where palaeotemperatures indicate mature to over-mature state. Interestingly, the iron sulphide (greigite) is still detected in the contact aureole where palaeotemperatures exceeded 130°C. Therefore, the magnetic mineralogy is a sensitive method that can characterize normal burial history, as well as identify hidden metamorphic contact aureoles where the iron sulphide greigite is present at temperatures beyond its stability field.  相似文献   

利用双视角消除太阳矢量磁场观测中的180◦不确定性          下载免费PDF全文

周茹芸  汪毓明  宿英娜  毕少兰  刘睿  季海生 《天文学报》2021,62(4):41

随着"环日轨道器"(Solar Orbiter, SO)的在轨运行,太阳磁场观测进入了双视角遥测的时代.对利用太阳磁场的双视角观测改正矢量磁图中存在的横场(垂直于视线方向的磁场分量) 180°不确定性进行了模拟,首先模拟了对解析解得到磁图的双视角观测,然后利用"日震学和磁学成像仪"(Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager, HMI)在不同时间观测到的一个老化黑子的磁图模拟了双视角观测.发现要改正一个磁图中横场方向的180°不确定性,在观测上只需要另外一个平行于视线方向的磁场即纵向磁场观测的协助.利用HMI的磁场观测模拟,估算显示30°的张角能够改正50 Gs磁场中的180°不确定性.更大的张角虽然更有利于更弱磁场的改正,但是考虑到投影效应的不利影响, 30°左右的张角应该是未来空间设备进行多视角观测太阳磁场的最佳张角.  相似文献   

基于稀疏表示的地面磁共振信号提取方法          下载免费PDF全文

王琦  田宝凤  张健  蒋川东 《地球物理学报》2018,61(8):3446-3456

在多孔隙含水层中地面磁共振（surface nuclear magnetic resonance，SNMR）信号呈现多弛豫衰减特性，常规盲源分离方法和单指数拟合方法引起信号严重失真和信息缺失等问题.本文提出了基于稀疏表示的随机噪声背景下多弛豫SNMR信号的提取方法.根据SNMR信号的衰减特征，设计了精确刻画SNMR信号且与随机噪声不相关的离散衰减余弦冗余字典.其次，针对多弛豫SNMR信号稀疏度未知的问题，通过设置合理的残差比阈值控制迭代次数，改进了广义正交匹配追踪（generalized orthogonal matching pursuit，gOMP）算法，使得该方法应用于SNMR信号的提取时，具有更好的自适应性和普适性.再次，鉴于SNMR测量数据为多次独立重复采集的结果，提出了基于数据流的SNMR信号提取策略，在提高算法鲁棒性的同时，保证了信号提取结果的唯一性.最后，通过仿真和实测数据证明了基于gOMP算法的稀疏表示方法可以显著地提升多弛豫SNMR信号的提取质量，降低随机噪声对含水层反演结果的影响，提高SNMR探测能力.  相似文献   

Measuring hydrological connectivity inside a soil by low field nuclear magnetic resonance relaxometry   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

Pellegrino Conte  Vito Ferro 《水文研究》2018,32(1):93-101

Hydrological connectivity inside the soil is related to the spatial patterns inside the soil (i.e., the structural connectivity). This, in turn, is directly associated with the physical and the chemical processes at a molecular level (i.e., the functional connectivity). Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxometry can be successfully applied to reveal both structural and functional components of soil hydrological connectivity. In the present study, the low field NMR relaxometry was applied on water suspended soils sampled at the upstream‐ and downstream‐end of three different length plots. Also the sediments collected from the storage tanks at the end of each plot were water suspended and monitored by NMR relaxometry. The results from the NMR investigations were elaborated by using a mathematical approach in order to quantify both the functional and structural connectivity components. In particular, following integration of the T₁ distribution curve, an S‐shaped curve was obtained. It revealed two plateaus corresponding to the shortest (low component) and the longest (high component) intervals of relaxation times, respectively. According to relaxometry theory, the two T₁ intervals, associated to the different plateaus, were attributed to micro and macro soil pores, respectively. The two T₁ intervals were used to define a functional connectivity index, while the central part of the S‐shaped distribution was used to define a structural connectivity index. Here we provide the physical meaning of the our mathematical approach, thereby revealing that functional connectivity index increases with plot length, as a result of a selective eroded particle transport. Moreover, the relationship structural connectivity index versus plot length resulted quasi‐independent of grainsize distribution, whereas the values of the structural connectivity index for the sediment samples resulted lower than those obtained for the corresponding soils.  相似文献   

2016年夏季南海海盆水体颗粒物粒径分布特征*     

郑文迪  周雯  曹文熙  王桂芬  邓霖  徐文龙  许占堂  李彩  蔡建南 《热带海洋学报》2018,37(5):74-85

颗粒物粒径分布(Particle Size Distribution, PSD)代表了颗粒物浓度与颗粒物粒径之间的关系, 影响着海洋生态环境和水体光学特性等。文章基于2016年夏季航次调查的生物光学剖面数据, 研究了南海海盆海域PSD的分布特征。研究发现, 幂律函数可以较好地拟合南海海盆区域的PSD, 对数空间中的实测的PSD与模拟的PSD平均决定系数高达0.95。PSD斜率(ξ)的分布范围为[1.27, 7.65], 均值为3.93±0.56。南海海盆区域表层水体的ξ均值与全球大洋表层水体的ξ均值相近, 但高于海湾等表层水体的ξ均值。ξ能较好地表征颗粒物平均粒径D_A的大小, 两者存在明显负相关关系, 即ξ值越高, D_A越小; 反之, D_A越大。通过分析T1断面的生物光学剖面数据及总体平均的PSD剖面数据, 发现PSD剖面分布特征如下: 1)表层水体的ξ值相对较高, 且D_A值相对较低, 推测可能是由于微微型藻类为主导颗粒物所致; 2) ξ值极小值层出现在次表层叶绿素浓度极大值层(Subsurface Chlorophyll Maximum Layer, SCML)中, 并伴随D_A极大值层的出现, 其原因可能是SCML中的大粒径浮游植物占比显著增加; 3)弱光层中的ξ值较SCML中的高, 但略低于表层的ξ值, 而D_A则位于表层与SCML的D_A之间, 这可能与浮游植物及其碎屑的絮凝、分解、沉降等过程相关。PSD特征影响着海水的固有光学特性, 分析发现: 由于SCML中的叶绿素浓度增加, 颗粒物散射系数(b_p(532))和颗粒物后向散射系数(b_bp(532))也相应呈现显著增加的趋势。弱光层中的平均b_p(532)与平均b_bp(532)最小。ξ与颗粒物衰减光谱斜率之间呈高分散性, Boss 等(2001b)的模型适合用于粗略估算区域性的ξ分布范围及均值。  相似文献   

Assessment of soil factors controlling ephemeral gully erosion on agricultural fields   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

Paul Ollobarren Del Barrio  Miguel A. Campo‐Bescós  Rafael Giménez  Javier Casalí 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2018,43(9):1993-2008

The soil factor is crucial in controlling and properly modeling the initiation and development of ephemeral gullies (EGs). Usually, EG initiation has been related to various soil properties (i.e. sealing, critical shear stress, moisture, texture, etc.); meanwhile, the total growth of each EG (erosion rate) has been linked with proper soil erodibility. But, despite the studies to determine the influence of soil erodibility on (ephemeral) gully erosion, a universal approach is still lacking. This is due to the complex relationship and interactions between soil properties and the erosive process. A feasible soil characterization of EG erosion prediction on a large scale should be based on simple, quick and inexpensive tests to perform. The objective of this study was to identify and assess the soil properties – easily and quickly to determine – which best reflect soil erodibility on EG erosion. Forty‐nine different physical–chemical soil properties that may participate in establishing soil erodibility were determined on agricultural soils affected by the formation of EGs in Spain and Italy. Experiments were conducted in the laboratory and in the field (in the vicinity of the erosion paths). Because of its importance in controlling EG erosion, five variables related to antecedent moisture prior to the event that generated the gullies and two properties related to landscape topography were obtained for each situation. The most relevant variables were detected using multivariate analysis. The results defined 13 key variables: water content before the initiation of EGs, organic matter content, cation exchange capacity, relative sealing index, two granulometric and organic matter indices, seal permeability, aggregates stability (three index), crust penetration resistance, shear strength and an erodibility index obtained from the Jet Test erosion apparatus. The latter is proposed as a useful technique to evaluate and predict soil loss caused by EG erosion. Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

临夏盆地新近纪郭泥沟剖面磁组构特征及其环境意义          下载免费PDF全文

孔艳芬  孙蕗  沈中山  葛俊逸  邓成龙 《地球物理学报》2018,61(11):4518-4529

临夏盆地在东亚新生代地层、古气候、古生物研究方面占有举足轻重的地位.本文对盆地东部的郭泥沟剖面进行了详细的岩石磁学和磁组构研究，以揭示从早中新世到早上新世临夏盆地的沉积演化过程.郭泥沟剖面沉积物中的磁性矿物有磁铁矿、磁赤铁矿、赤铁矿和针铁矿，但剩磁载体以磁铁矿和赤铁矿为主.从上庄组和东乡组的褐红色粉砂质粘土到柳树组和何王家组的褐黄色粘土，赤铁矿含量呈现降低的趋势，与沉积物颜色变化一致.郭泥沟剖面沉积物磁组构类型为正常沉积磁组构.结合岩石磁学结果和磁组构参数特征可揭示临夏盆地早中新世-早上新世沉积的演化过程：早中新世上庄组为稳定湖相沉积，古水流方向为NNW，与南北向的大夏河方向一致；中中新世气候发生较明显的干湿波动，形成了东乡组的褐红色湖相粉砂质粘土夹粉砂、砂和青灰色泥灰质粘土条带，古水流方向主要为NNW，沉积过程主要受大夏河控制；中中新世晚期，受青藏高原构造运动影响，沉积相由湖相细粒沉积物转变为虎家梁组河流相砂砾层；同时，盆地的水动力条件也发生改变，晚中新世柳树组湖相沉积过程同时受南北向大夏河和东西向洮河控制，两个方向近垂直的河流共同作用导致柳树组内沉积各向异性度较低，面理和线理均不发育，磁化率最大轴偏角分布比较分散，磁组构确定的古流向为东西向和南北向；早上新世期间，由于受青藏高原隆升影响，沉积了何王家组下部的河流相砂砾层；受构造抬升影响，大夏河重新主导何王家组上部洪泛平原相沉积过程，水动力条件较为单一稳定，古流向主要为N向，与大夏河流向一致.  相似文献