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1.
It is widely proposed that tectonic pressure (the difference between the mean stress and the pressure arising from a lithostatic load) is large, and has a significant influence on mineral phase equilibria in deforming metamorphic rocks. The implication/assertion is that the mean stress is equivalent to the thermodynamic pressure which characterizes mineral phase equilibria and is a measure of how the energy changes as the volume changes. We distinguish two useful thermodynamic pressures. The first is an equilibrium thermodynamic pressure, characteristic of non‐dissipative systems and related directly to equilibrium values of the chemical potentials that define stable, equilibrium phase assemblages. The second is a non‐equilibrium thermodynamic pressure characteristic of dissipative systems with zero net entropy production and related to non‐equilibrium chemical potentials that define stable non‐equilibrium phase assemblages. In many dissipative metamorphic systems discussed in the literature, the concepts of thermodynamic pressure and chemical potential are not usefully defined because the system is not at equilibrium and/or no volume change is involved in the deformation. The conclusion of this note is that the influence of tectonic pressure on phase equilibria is minor. The role of tectonic pressure is an important issue but is only relevant to phase equilibrium when an equilibrium thermodynamic pressure can be defined; in such cases, the influence of tectonic pressure is small compared to many proposals in the literature. Except for elastic deformations, the mean stress is not useful in discussing mineral phase equilibrium. 相似文献
2.
研究海水体系(即Na+,K+,Mg2+,Ca2+∥Cl-,$SO_{4}^{2-}$-H2O六元体系)中杂卤石的形成条件不仅有助于理解海相蒸发盐成因,对开发杂卤石钾资源利用技术也具有重要的指导作用。但杂卤石以及其他含有硫酸钙矿物(如二水石膏、半水石膏、无水石膏、钾石膏、多钙钾石膏、钙芒硝和水钙芒硝)的相平衡,无论是在实验研究方面还是在热力学模拟方面都仍然存在很多争议。由于缺乏杂卤石在复杂水溶液体系中可靠的相平衡数据,使人们对认识杂卤石成因和利用杂卤石钾资源带来巨大障碍。本工作对海水体系中杂卤石的形成条件进行了热力学模拟和实验研究。超过一年的长时间固液平衡实验表明25 ℃下Na+,K+,Mg2+,Ca2+∥Cl-,$SO_{4}^{2-}$-H2O六元体系中杂卤石的形成区域极为可观,且较前人实验结果均大数倍;同时证实了热力学模型预测结果的可靠性。这些结果为讨论盐矿床中杂卤石的形成条件提供了物理化学依据。25 ℃下可靠的热力学信息表明:杂卤石与其他盐类矿物的共生情况丰富多样,并且与前人看法不同,杂卤石的形成并不需要极高的钾、镁浓度。这给以杂卤石为指示寻找可溶性固体钾盐带来了挑战,但却指示了以杂卤石为线索更容易找到钾、镁盐未饱和的富钾卤水。 相似文献
3.
Mathieu Soret Kyle P. Larson John M. Cottle Matthijs Smit Alex Johnson Sudip Shrestha Asghar Ali Shah Faisal 《Journal of Metamorphic Geology》2019,37(5):633-666
The Karakoram–Hindu Kush–Pamir and adjacent Tibetan plateau belt comprise a series of Gondwana‐derived crustal fragments that successively accreted to the Eurasian margin in the Mesozoic as the result of the progressive Tethys ocean closure. These domains provide unique insights into the thermal and structural history of the Mesozoic to Cenozoic Eurasian plate margin, which are critical to inform the initial boundary conditions (e.g. crustal thickness, structure and thermo‐mechanical properties) for the subsequent development of the large and hot Tibetan–Himalaya orogen, and the associated crustal deformation processes. Using a combination of microstructural analyses, thermobarometry modelling and U–Th–Pb monazite and Lu–Hf garnet geochronology, the study reappraises the metamorphic history of exposed mid‐crustal metapelites in the Chitral region of the South Pamir–Hindu Kush (NW Pakistan). This study also demonstrates that trace elements in monazite (especially Y and Dy), combined with thermodynamical modelling and Lu–Hf garnet dating, provides a powerful integrated toolbox for constraining long‐lived and polyphased tectono‐metamorphic histories in all their spatial and temporal complexity. Rocks from the Chitral region were progressively deformed and metamorphosed at sub‐ and supra‐solidus conditions through at least four distinct episodes from the Mesozoic to the Cenozoic. Rocks were first metamorphosed at ~400–500°C and ~0.3 GPa in the Late Triassic–Early Jurassic (210–185 Ma), likely in response to the accretion of the Karakoram during the Cimmerian orogeny. Pressure and temperature subsequently increased by ~0.3 GPa and 100°C in the Early‐ to Mid Cretaceous (140–80 Ma), coinciding with the intrusion of calcalkaline granitic plutons across the Karakoram and Pamir regions. This event is interpreted as the record of crustal thickening and the development of a proto‐plateau within the Eurasian margin due to a long‐lived episode of slab flattening in an Andean‐type margin. Peak metamorphism was reached in the Late Eocene–Early Oligocene (40–30 Ma) at conditions of 580–600°C and ~0.6 GPa and 700–750°C and 0.7–0.8 GPa for the investigated staurolite schists and sillimanite migmatites respectively. This crustal heating up to moderate anatexis likely resulted in the underthrusting of the Indian plate after a NeoTethyan slab‐break off or to the Tethyan Himalaya–Lhasa microcontinent collision and subsequent oceanic slab flattening. Near‐isothermal decompression/exhumation followed in the Late Oligocene (28–23 Ma) as marked by a pressure decrease in excess of ~0.1 GPa. This event was coeval with the intrusion of the 24 Ma Garam Chasma leucogranite. This rapid exhumation is interpreted to be related to the reactivation of the South Pamir–Karakoram suture zone during the ongoing collision with India. The findings of this study confirm that significant crustal shortening and thickening of the south Eurasian margin occurred during the Mesozoic in an accretionary‐type tectonic setting through successive episodes of terrane accretions and probably slab flattening, transiently increasing the coupling at the plate interface. Moreover, they indicate that the south Eurasian margin was already hot and thickened prior to Cenozoic collision with India, which has important implications for orogen‐scale strain‐accommodation mechanisms. 相似文献
4.
Kirkland S. Broadwell Mark J. Caddick James S. Beard 《Journal of Metamorphic Geology》2019,37(9):1209-1234
Contact metamorphism associated with mafic intrusives is one of several mechanisms that has been invoked to produce extensive high‐temperature (HT) metamorphism and associated partial melting of the crust. Indisputable evidence for polymetamorphism in these settings can be difficult to decipher because both melt loss and retrogression (i.e. rehydration) can erase or obscure the records of earlier HT metamorphism by modifying HT mineral parageneses and compositions. Here, a combination of detailed field and petrographical observations, inverse mineral thermometry, and thermodynamic forward modelling is used to delineate the polymetamorphic history of migmatites from the Smith River Allochthon (SRA) in the central Appalachians. Bulk rock geochemical data suggest that some metapelitic samples lost a significant amount of melt during interpreted contact metamorphism with the Rich Acres gabbro, resulting in a residual bulk composition (<50 wt% SiO2, ~30 wt% Al2O3). Garnet cores (Grt1) in SiO2‐depleted samples are interpreted to grow during this HT contact metamorphism, with Fe‐Ti oxide thermometry on spinel inclusions in Grt1, cordierite–garnet thermometry, and thermodynamic forward modelling constraining peak P–T conditions during contact heating of the migmatites to ~800ºC and ~0.5 GPa. This is associated with an inferred peak assemblage prior to melt loss of crd+kfs+pl+grt+bt+spl (mag+usp+hc)+ilm+sil+qtz+melt. Garnet in SiO2‐depleted samples has a distinct high‐Ca rim (Grt2), which appears to record a younger metamorphic event. A combination of substantial melt loss and later rehydration appears to be a major control on the ability of SiO2‐depleted samples to faithfully record evidence for this polymetamorphism. The tectonic implications of this younger metamorphic event are not entirely clear, but it appears to record renewed burial and heating of the SRA sometime after the Taconic orogeny, which may be related to either the neo‐Acadian or Alleghanian orogenies. 相似文献
5.
6.
The Tazheran lakes are located compactly in the small Tazheran steppe area. Their bottom sediments are predominantly various calcite-dolomite carbonates, and their waters are rich in uranium. The studies have shown that the main process in these lakes is chemogenic carbonate precipitation with the participation of carbon dioxide formed through the bacterial destruction of organic matter. For thermodynamic modeling of the composition of bottom sediments, we chose two lakes with different basic parameters. Calculations were made for the 15-component heterogeneous system H2O-Na-Ca-Mg-K-Sr-Ba-Si-Al-Cl-C-S-Fe-U-Mn including particles in the solution, minerals, and gases at 25 °C and 1 bar. As starting information, we used the obtained analytical data on the natural composition of waters and bottom sediments. The results show that calcite-dolomite carbonates are predominant in the bottom sediments and the destruction of organic matter results in reducing conditions. This confirms the hypothesis of the formation of mineral phases of U(IV) during diagenetic processes in the bottom sediments of the studied lakes. 相似文献
7.
厄尔尼诺-南方涛动(El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation, ENSO)现象是地球气候系统中最主要的年际变化信号之一,对其形成机制和预报的研究具有重要的理论和现实意义。本文基于ERSST v4海表面温度资料与NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis大气再分析资料,通过回归分析与合成分析等方法,研究了副热带东北太平洋海区海表面温度(sea surface temperature, SST)异常信号的传递机制及其与ENSO现象的联系。诊断结果表明,副热带东北太平洋SST异常与ENSO指数有很好的正相关关系。副热带东北太平洋SST异常的暖信号超前于ENSO指数约半年时间,通过风-蒸发-海温的反馈机制,沿东北-西南方向向赤道中太平洋缓慢传递。更进一步的数值实验显示,副热带东北太平洋的正SST异常信号的确可以影响大气环流场,使其西南方向的海面风速减弱,蒸发潜热通量减少,从而使信号向西南方向传递。 相似文献
8.
《International Geology Review》2012,54(14):1706-1727
ABSTRACTThe Tehuitzingo ultramafic body (Acatlán Complex, southern Mexico) is a strongly serpentinized harburgitic body that encloses chromitite bodies and blocks of eclogitic rocks. Hydrous retrograde metamorphism on chromitite bodies resulted in the formation of: i) partly altered chromite characterized by unaltered cores surrounded by Fe2+-rich and Al-depleted porous chromite containing chlorite; ii) porous chromite corresponding to a chromite that was entirely transformed to Fe2+-rich and Al-depleted porous chromite; and iii) zoned chromite formed by modified cores surrounded by Fe3+-rich non-porous chromite and magnetite rims. The content of minor and trace elements (Ga, Ti, Ni, Zn, Co, Mn, V, Sc) in the cores of partly altered chromite preserves the magmatic fingerprint of back-arc-bearing chromitites, while the cores of zoned chromite are enriched in Zn, Co and Mn but depleted in Ga, Ti, Ni and Sc, and display a metamorphic signature. P-T pseudosections performed in the system CrMFASH allow us to constrain the temperature of formation of Fe2+-rich chromite by reaction of magmatic chromite with olivine between 584 and 449 °C; while the new thermodynamic calculations performed in the FMASH system shows that the Fe3+-rich non-porous chromite and magnetite rims in zoned chromites were formed at lower temperatures (i.e. 270–340 ºC and < 20 kbar). Temperatures of alteration obtained using our new thermodynamic model are in agreement with the qualitative estimation that use minor and trace elements in Fe2+-rich chromite (i.e. 560–700 ºC). These temperatures are more restricted than those estimated for chlorite hosted in partly altered (193–481 ºC) and porous chromite (158–255 ºC), and those reported in host serpentinite and associated eclogitic rocks (210–399 ºC). A comparison of P-T conditions estimated by our new thermodynamic models and the distribution of minor and trace elements in the different zones of chromites allow us to infer that the alteration took place during the hydrous retrograde metamorphism, and that the high-pressure metamorphism did not modify the composition of chromites. Thus, the microstructural zoning displayed by chromite grains was formed during the exhumation of a segment of a back-arc-related oceanic lithosphere, at similar temperature conditions than the Tehuitzingo serpentinite. 相似文献
9.
“7.21” 暴雨过程动力因子分析和预报研究 总被引:5,自引:4,他引:1
针对2012年7月21~22日发生在我国华北地区的暴雨过程,利用美国全球预报系统资料对湿热力平流参数、对流涡度矢量的垂直分量、热力波作用密度、热力位涡波作用密度、热力位势散度波作用密度和湿斜压涡度等动力因子进行计算和诊断分析,结果表明,该暴雨过程是由高、低空急流、高空槽、副热带高压、冷锋和辐合切变线等多个天气系统共同作用造成的。降水区具有垂直上升运动强烈,垂直热量输送明显,湿等熵面向下伸展和水平风垂直切变显著等动、热力学特征。湿热力平流参数等动力因子综合反映了上述动、热力垂直结构特征,因而与6小时观测降水的发展移动有一定相关性。全球预报系统48小时预报的动力因子高值区在走向和落区上与6小时观测降水区比较接近,代表动力因子对降水落区有一定的指示意义。利用全球预报系统的预报场资料对动力因子暴雨预报方程进行计算,结果表明,在降水中心位置预报方面,动力因子降水预报比全球预报系统本身的降水预报更接近观测实况。ETS(Equitable Threat Score)评分计算表明,对于降水的早期预报,动力因子降水预报评分略高于全球预报系统本身的降水预报评分,说明动力因子暴雨预报方程有一定的降水预报能力,可以应用到实际天气业务预报中。 相似文献
10.
S. Jaireth 《Australian Journal of Earth Sciences》2013,60(3):181-189
This paper presents the results of thermodynamic calculations on the solubility of gold and silver in low‐temperature, moderately saline, oxygen‐saturated fluids. Based on the solubilities of gold and silver it is argued that the quantity of gold transported by the fluids depends on the concentration of silver in the primary ores. In ores where the silver/gold ratio is high (1 to > 10), the fluids become saturated in silver and can not dissolve geologically significant concentrations of gold. In ores where the silver/gold ratio is low (< 1), the fluids remain undersaturated with respect to silver and are able to dissolve geologically realistic concentrations of gold and silver. The oxidized fluids start depositing gold and silver as they move downwards and are reduced by the Fe+2‐bearing minerals of the primary ores. The occurrence of gold in lateritic profiles can be explained by a prolonged process of interaction between the fluid and primary ores, during which gold and silver precipitate and redissolve selectively at the gradually advancing oxidation‐reduction interface. 相似文献