Thresholds for post-wildfire debris flows: Insights from the Pinal Fire,Arizona, USA     

Carissa A. Raymond  Luke A. McGuire  Ann M. Youberg  Dennis M. Staley  Jason W. Kean 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2020,45(6):1349-1360

Wildfire significantly alters the hydrologic properties of a burned area, leading to increases in overland flow, erosion, and the potential for runoff-generated debris flows. The initiation of debris flows in recently burned areas is well characterized by rainfall intensity-duration (ID) thresholds. However, there is currently a paucity of data quantifying the rainfall intensities required to trigger post-wildfire debris flows, which limits our understanding of how and why rainfall ID thresholds vary in different climatic and geologic settings. In this study, we monitored debris-flow activity following the Pinal Fire in central Arizona, which differs from both a climatic and hydrogeomorphic perspective from other regions in the western United States where ID thresholds for post-wildfire debris flows are well established, namely the Transverse Ranges of southern California. Since the peak rainfall intensity within a rainstorm may exceed the rainfall intensity required to trigger a debris flow, the development of robust rainfall ID thresholds requires knowledge of the timing of debris flows within rainstorms. Existing post-wildfire debris-flow studies in Arizona only constrain the peak rainfall intensity within debris-flow-producing storms, which may far exceed the intensity that actually triggered the observed debris flow. In this study, we used pressure transducers within five burned drainage basins to constrain the timing of debris flows within rainstorms. Rainfall ID thresholds derived here from triggering rainfall intensities are, on average, 22 mm h⁻¹ lower than ID thresholds derived under the assumption that the triggering intensity is equal to the maximum rainfall intensity recorded during a rainstorm. We then use a hydrologic model to demonstrate that the magnitude of the 15-min rainfall ID threshold at the Pinal Fire site is associated with the rainfall intensity required to exceed a recently proposed dimensionless discharge threshold for debris-flow initiation. Model results further suggest that previously observed differences in regional ID thresholds between Arizona and the San Gabriel Mountains of southern California may be attributed, in large part, to differences in the hydraulic properties of burned soils. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

农机投入对农业GTFP影响及门槛效应的区域差异分析     

刘敏  姜会明  姜天龙 《地理科学》2020,40(12):2037-2045

按照粮食的产销情况，将全国划分为3类粮食功能区域，利用固定效应模型和门槛效应模型分析了农机投入对农业绿色全要素生产率（GTFP）的影响及门槛效应的区域差异。结果表明：农机投入对农业GTFP的影响程度存在区域异质性，农机投入对粮食主销区农业GTFP提升的促进作用最大，粮食产销平衡区次之，粮食主产区最小；农机投入对农业GTFP的影响路径亦存在区域差异，粮食主产区和产销平衡区的农机投入通过促进农业技术效率和农业技术进步进而推动农业GTFP提升，粮食主销区的农机投入通过促进农业技术进步推动农业GTFP提升；农机投入对粮食主产区农业GTFP的影响存在双门槛效应，对粮食主销区和产销平衡区农业GTFP的影响存在单门槛效应。  相似文献   

Geochemical study of the Neoproterozoic clastic sedimentary rocks of the Khambal Formation (Sindreth Basin), Aravalli Craton,NW Indian Shield: Implications for paleoweathering,provenance, and geodynamic evolution     

《Chemie der Erde / Geochemistry》2020,80(1):125596

Petrographic and geochemical studies characterize lithologies of the Khambal Formation deposited in the Sindreth Basin as arkosic, subarkosic, and quartzarenite. Weathering indices, such as CIA and CIW in conjunction with the ACNK diagram, prescribe mostly moderate chemical weathering with intermittent pulses of extreme weathering in the source area. The discrimination diagrams suggest that these Neoproterozoic clastics were deposited in an active rift basin. Provenance indicators of the detritus components point to a terrane possessing subordinate mafic material in conjunction with large felsic components. A comparison of immobile element ratios with probable source rocks suggest that the Mesoproterozoic Delhi arc situated to the east of the Sindreth Basin could be the possible source. Our mixing calculation defines the proportion of end member components in the Delhi arc. Geodynamic considerations relate the origin of the Sindreth Basin to the processes of disintegration and reassembly of supercontinents.  相似文献   

北山造山带中部(甘肃段)花岗岩成因及构造背景   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  

白荣龙  刘显凡  周慧玲 《岩石学报》2020,36(6):1731-1754

北山造山带中部花岗岩体以陶勒努图洪岩体和跃进山南岩体为代表,本文对这两个岩体进行了LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年、全岩地球化学和原位锆石Lu-Hf同位素分析,结果表明:岩体成岩年龄分别为410±2. 8Ma、427±2. 5Ma;主量元素呈现高硅、高钾钙碱性、准铝质-弱过铝质特征;微量元素表现为富集Th、Zr、Hf等及大离子亲石元素(Rb、U、K等),亏损Ba、Sr、Eu及高场强元素(Nb、Ta、P、Ti等);球粒陨石标准化稀土元素曲线呈轻稀土富集、重稀土亏损的右倾模式。综合分析认为跃进山南岩体属A型花岗岩,陶勒努图洪岩体属S型花岗岩。陶勒努图洪和跃进山岩体锆石ε_(Hf)(t)分别为-2. 90～-0. 12(平均值为-1. 53)、-1. 99～2. 82(平均值为0. 26),t_(DM2)分别为1. 41～1. 58Ga、1. 23～1. 54Ga。研究表明:陶勒努图洪黑云母花岗闪长岩岩浆源区主要为由元古界北山杂岩组成的以变质杂砂岩为主的古老地壳物质(含中基性岩石)部分熔融的产物,跃进山南二长花岗岩体可能在元古界北山杂岩组成的以变质杂砂岩为主的古老地壳物质重熔过程中有幔源岩浆的参与。在中志留世(427Ma)明水-小黄山洋已向南侧马鬃山-公婆泉弧之下俯冲至后期,板块后撤引发明水-旱山地体南缘弧后形成裂解环境导致幔源岩浆底侵,诱发地壳物质重熔形成花岗质岩浆,岩浆侵位形成跃进山南二长花岗岩体;至早泥盆世(410Ma),俯冲结束发生弧-陆碰撞造山导致地壳增厚,引发下地壳发生部分熔融产生的花岗质岩浆侵位形成陶勒努图洪岩体;两岩体是在早、晚古生代交接时段同一俯冲-碰撞构造背景下不同部位、不同亚构造环境下的产物。  相似文献   

大兴安岭西盆地群域构造与地球物理场综述          下载免费PDF全文

王典  李鹏  刘财  鹿琪  单玄龙  田有  于涵  杨宝俊 《地球物理学报》2019,62(3):1106-1128

中国东北地区大兴安岭西侧盆地群包括漠河盆地、根河盆地、拉布达林盆地、海拉尔盆地和二连盆地等,蕴藏着丰富的中、新生代油气资源.为研究该盆地群域古生代、中新生代构造演化,综合建立盆地群域地球动力学模型,补充东北亚构造演化理论,本文综述该盆地群域受控的区域构造与深部构造背景、盆地群构造特征与性质、主要控盆断裂特征、盆地群油气条件比较以及盆地群域已完成并取得重要结果的地球物理工作.归纳已有主要认识和研究结果:(1)对大兴安岭西侧的盆地群起构造控制作用的构造带包括蒙古—鄂霍茨克洋缝合带、西拉木伦河缝合带、黑河—贺根山缝合带、塔原—喜桂图缝合带、西太平洋板块俯冲带,以及额尔古纳—呼伦断裂和得尔布干断裂.(2)二连盆地、海拉尔盆地和漠河盆地的盆地构造轴向与蒙古—鄂霍茨克洋缝合带走向相关;而且三个盆地内的一级构造单元走向(隆起、坳陷和推覆带)也具有这类特点.(3)几个地学断面的综合地球物理研究表明,大兴安岭西侧盆地群岩石圈地幔厚度自北向南变厚,南部盆地基底与华北地台基底表现类似;盆地群基底电性结构因受到软流圈热物质作用可能在继续演化.(4)在盆地沉积地层方面,漠河盆地的下部是侏罗系陆相煤系地层,上部是白垩系火山岩地层;海拉尔盆地由下侏罗统的铜钵庙组、南屯组,上侏罗统的大磨拐河组和下白垩统的伊敏组共同组成扎赉诺尔群,厚约3000m;二连盆地中生代地层中,中下侏罗统主要为含煤建造,上侏罗统为火山岩建造,下白垩统主要为含油建造和含煤建造,上白垩统为砂砾岩建造.(5)盆地群整体勘探程度较低.基于上述研究结果,需要进一步研究的科学问题包括:由本研究区的地球物理、构造地质、石油地质等多学科的综合研究,解决研究区受控的区域构造应力场所包括的因素及其作用,以及在岩石圈尺度上三维空间的地球物理场表征;深部构造对盆地群域构造的作用;从晚古生代到中新生代研究区构造演化特点及其依据;从北至南约1650km长的盆地群域构造差异与依据;盆地群(域)油气条件与毗邻的松辽盆地在构造成因上的差异.  相似文献   

西昆仑玛尔坎苏石炭纪大型锰矿带构造背景与成矿条件     

张连昌  张帮禄  董志国  谢月桥  李文君  彭自栋  朱明田  王长乐 《吉林大学学报(地球科学版)》2020,50(5):1340-1357

西昆仑北段玛尔坎苏地区探明的大型碳酸锰成矿带，是我国近年最重要的找矿成果之一。该锰矿带构造上属北昆仑晚古生代弧后伸展盆地，其构造动力学背景为古特提斯洋向北俯冲于塔里木地块之下形成的弧盆体系。锰矿体主要发育于晚石炭世喀拉阿特河组含炭泥质灰岩夹薄层灰岩中。矿石中主要金属矿物为菱锰矿（75%~95%），次为软锰矿、硫锰矿及少量黄铁矿等。含锰岩系岩性和岩相学研究表明，玛尔坎苏锰矿带属典型的海相沉积锰矿床，其矿床成因可能与晚古生代半局限盆地沉积和海底热液活动有关。海底热液活动可能为成矿提供了丰富的物质来源。含锰岩系元素和同位素地球化学特征表明，玛尔坎苏锰矿沉淀时的水体环境为常氧条件，而矿层下盘（部分）岩系的岩性及地球化学特征反映其沉积时的水体环境为低氧—贫氧条件。玛尔坎苏锰矿带锰矿石具有负的δ¹³C值（-23.3‰~-10.0‰），推测有机质导致的还原作用是该锰矿由原生氧化锰在成岩期转化为菱锰矿和形成富锰矿的重要机制。  相似文献   

内点最大化与冗余点控制的无人机遥感图像配准     

余蕊  陈玮扬  杨扬  杨昆  罗毅 《遥感学报》2020,24(11):1325-1341

利用小型无人机进行遥感图像配准在自然灾害损害评估、环境监测和目标检测与追踪等领域发挥着至关重要的作用，但小型无人机的图像采集过程容易受风速/风向、复杂地形、电池容量、飞行姿态、飞行高度等自然或人为因素的影响。这些问题通常会导致捕捉到的场景重叠率低与图像非刚性畸变，在特征点提取过程中产生大量冗余点，增加了图像配准的难度。本文提出一种基于特征点的小型无人机图像配准方法，该方法的核心思想是在配准过程中识别冗余点，同时最大化可用内点数量。所识别的冗余点当作控制点，用于控制网格代图像的运动。最后通过最大化内点和合理移动控制点来恢复图像变换。本文使用50对小型无人机图像进行特征匹配和图像配准的实验，其中平均配准精度可达80.38%，并且本文方法在所有的情况下都优于5种当前流行算法。  相似文献   

Stormflow threshold behaviour in a subtropical mountainous headwater catchment during forest recovery period     

Lezhang Wei  Zhijun Qiu  Guangyi Zhou  Tsuyoshi Kinouchi  Yu Liu 《水文研究》2020,34(8):1728-1740

Forest ecohydrological feedbacks complicate the threshold behaviour of stormflow response to precipitation or wetting conditions on a long-term scale (e.g. several years). In this study, the threshold behaviours in an evergreen-deciduous mixed forested headwater catchment in southern China were examined during 2009–2015, when damaged vegetation was recovering after the great 2008 Chinese ice and snowstorm. The non-uniqueness of the thresholds and the slow and rapid responses of stormflow at the outlet of the catchment in different hydro-climate datasets with different maximum values of gross precipitation (P) and sums of precipitation and antecedent soil moisture index (P + ASI) were assessed. The thresholds of P and P + ASI required to trigger stormflows (i.e. ‘generation thresholds’) and the transition from slow to rapid responses of stormflow (i.e. ‘rise thresholds’) were compared both seasonally and annually. The results indicated significant differences in the analysed datasets, highlighting the need to compare thresholds with care to avoid misinterpretation. Seasonal variations in threshold behaviours in the catchment suggested that vegetation canopy interception contributed to higher rise thresholds, and wetter conditions resulted in higher runoff sensitivity to precipitation during the growing and rainy seasons. Furthermore, the generation thresholds were higher in the dormant season, possibly due to drier soil moisture conditions in the near-channel areas. During the vegetation recovery period, the annual generation thresholds increased, however the rise thresholds did not exhibit a similar trend. The rapid stormflow response above the threshold decreased, possibly due to transpiration and interception of the recovered vegetation. However, the slow stormflow response to small rainfall events below the thresholds was higher in wetter years but lower in drier years, suggesting that the total water input dominated the stormflow response during small rainfall events. In conclusion, the seasonal and annual variations in threshold behaviours highlight that vegetation recovery and hydro-climatic conditions had a notable impact on the stormflow response.  相似文献   

基于间接平差的ICP点云配准算法研究     

于明旭 《测绘与空间地理信息》2020,(2):38-40

点云配准精度是决定三维重建模型的质量因素之一,目前,最常用是ICP点云配准算法,经典的ICP算法易局部收敛,影响点云配准精度。本文提出基于间接平差的ICP点云配准算法,设定目标点集中目标点坐标与转入目标点集中的点坐标之间的距离阈值实现点云精确配准。通过与经典ICP算法对比可知,本算法在一定程度上提高了点云配准精度和速度。  相似文献   

松辽盆地北部上二叠统林西组地球化学特征及地质意义     

张健  张海华  陈树旺  郑月娟  张德军  苏飞  黄欣 《吉林大学学报(地球科学版)》2020,50(2):518-530

为探讨松辽盆地北部林西组地球化学特征、沉积环境及构造背景，对该区黑富地1井所钻遇的上二叠统林西组暗色泥质板岩进行主量元素、微量元素和稀土元素测试分析，结果表明：样品主量元素平均质量分数SiO₂为65.05%、Al₂O₃为17.23%、CaO为2.58%、Na₂O为2.84%、K₂O为3.29%，K₂O/Na₂O值为0.20~3.48，A1₂O₃/（CaO+Na₂O）值为0.41~8.01；稀土元素w（∑REE）值介于80.68×10^-6~215.59×10^-6之间，平均值为173.41×10^-6，δEu值介于0.61~0.88之间，平均值为0.70，表现为Eu的负异常，δCe值介于0.91×10^-6~1.01×10^-6之间，为微弱的Ce负异常，LREE富集，HREE亏损；微量元素以亏损Nb、Ta、Sr，相对富集Rb、Ba、La、Ce、Pb、Nd、Sm为特征。样品元素分析和物源w（TiO₂）-w（Ni）、La/Th-w（Hf）等判别图解表明，林西组沉积物源具有多样性，主要来源于上地壳长英质物源，还有少量来自中、基性岩火成岩物源区。样品微量元素标准化蛛网图，稀土元素球粒陨石标准化配分模式图，K₂O/Na₂O-w（SiO₂）、Th-Co-Zr/10、F₂-F₁构造背景判别图及地球化学参数对比结果表明，松辽盆地北部林西组物源构造背景主要为活动大陆边缘和大陆岛弧，可能形成于靠近大陆岛弧的活动大陆边缘构造背景。林西组应形成于海陆过渡相到陆相环境，水体由半咸水逐渐转变为淡水。  相似文献