生物土壤结皮对风沙土和黄绵土膨胀特性的影响     

王国鹏  肖波  李胜龙  姚小萌  孙福海 《中国沙漠》2020,40(1):97-104

作为重要的土壤物理性质，膨胀性在影响土壤导水性、持水性、抗蚀性以及土壤结构的形成和发育等方面发挥着重要作用。为了探讨生物土壤结皮（BSCs）土壤的膨胀特性及其主要影响因素，针对黄土高原风沙土和黄绵土两种典型土壤，利用膨胀仪测定并比较了有、无藓结皮及其在不同因素（初始含水量、干湿循环、冻融循环、温度）下膨胀率的差异，分析了BSCs对土壤膨胀性的影响及其与环境因素和BSCs性质的关系。结果显示：风沙土上藓结皮的膨胀率为1.93%，较无结皮增加了8.65倍；而黄绵土上藓结皮的膨胀率为2.05%，与无结皮相比降低了76.68%。藓结皮的生物量和厚度与其膨胀率在风沙土上均呈线性正相关关系（P < 0.05），在黄绵土上分别呈二次函数（P=0.02）和线性正相关关系（P=0.02）。初始含水量同时影响了土壤最大膨胀率和稳定膨胀时间，影响程度风沙土远大于黄绵土（包括藓结皮和无结皮）；干湿循环次数对无结皮土壤膨胀率的影响程度大于藓结皮土壤，其中风沙土和黄绵土上无结皮的膨胀率分别是50.00%~620.00%和-2.28%~10.81%，而两种土壤上藓结皮的膨胀率分别是-5.70%~10.88%和-10.24%~-21.46%；冻融循环下4种土壤的膨胀率均有不同程度的降低，降幅为0~18.54%。黄绵土无结皮的膨胀率受温度影响程度较大，50℃下黄绵土无结皮的膨胀率分别是25℃和35℃下的1.17倍和1.21倍。BSCs显著地改变了风沙土和黄绵土表层的膨胀性，其影响的程度和方向取决于土壤类型。同时，BSCs的膨胀性受含水量、温度、干湿以及冻融循环等关键因素影响。  相似文献   

空间分析与生物地球化学循环:西藏林周县大骨节病患病村与非患病村的比较研究     

田原  查欣洁  高星  戴尔阜  余成群 《资源与生态学报(英文版)》2020,11(2):232-246

西藏林周县是我国大骨节病(KBD)患病较为严重的地区之一,本文将林周县作为研究区,通过使用地理探测器(GeoDetector)量化分析KBD患病率风险因子的影响,并使用环境化学方法验证空间分析结果。通过对10个潜在影响因子的分析以及对当地KBD患病村和非患病村的土壤-水-粮食-人这一生物地球化学循环的环境化学分析,结果表明:(1)林周县KBD由一组多重且交互作用的环境影响因子共同作用影响,其中最重要的控制因子是地层因子;(2)所有环境介质(土壤、水、谷物)及人体组织中的硒元素浓度在KBD患病区均低于非患病区;(3)当地居民对硒和铬的摄入严重不足,尤其是KBD患病村中居民硒元素平均日摄入量(ADD)大约仅为世界卫生组织(WHO)建议的成人基本摄入量下限的4%;(4)我们推测,当地居民患病主要是由于地层这一影响因子,这是由于通过生态系统的迁移转化导致当地人口严重硒缺乏,最终导致地方性生物地球化学硒缺乏。  相似文献   

长河坝—黄金坪水库区域地震台网监测能力分析     

杜瑶  吴彤  冯薪  丁勇  赵昱  郑昭  王宇玺  王余伟 《地震地磁观测与研究》2020,41(5):25-32

位于四川省甘孜藏族自治州康定市内大渡河干流的长河坝-黄金坪水电站，为大渡河流域开发中，以长河坝、大岗山、瀑布沟等形成主要梯级格局开发方案中，"三库22级"水电站中的第10和11级电站，其地震监测台网也采用梯级设计方式，长河坝-黄金坪上下游水库地震监测台网统一设计、建设及监测，共享同一地震监测能力。通过对监测设备的技术指标、台基地噪声水平和震级-频度对数关系的分析，结果表明，长河坝-黄金坪水库区域地震固定台站建成后，地震监测能力达到并优于设计的理论监测能力，地震监测震级达到下限为M_L 0.5的设计要求。  相似文献   

A review of fully coupled atmosphere-hydrology simulations     

Ning  Like  Zhan  Chesheng  Luo  Yong  Wang  Yueling  Liu  Liangmeizi 《地理学报(英文版)》2019,29(3):465-479

Journal of Geographical Sciences - The terrestrial hydrological process is an essential but weak link in global/regional climate models. In this paper, the development status, research hotspots and...  相似文献   

Numerical Study on Tidal Mixing in the Bohai Sea     

Yifei Zhao  Ting Yu  Hu Wang 《Marine Geodesy》2019,42(1):46-63

The spatial and temporal variability of tidal mixing in Bohai Sea is studied using a numerical approach. In calculating tidal mixing, accurate barotropic tidal current is obtained via a harmonic analysis package utilizing the simulated current output from a high-resolution regional ocean model. And a “small-scale” roughness map is adopted to describe the detailed topographic features of Bohai Sea. It is shown that the tidal mixing estimated in Bohai Sea is much higher than the level of global background, and fluctuates considerably at some regions within a single day. In Liaodong Bay, Bohai Bay and Bohai Strait, the mixing varies greatly, with the peak value of O (10^?2) m² s^?1. The order of magnitude of mixing in Laizhou Bay is about O (10^?5～10^?3) m² s^?1. Mixing with background level of O (10^?5) m² s^?1 only appears in central area. Result also shows that rough topography plays relatively a more important role than tidal current in enhancing diapycnal mixing in Bohai Sea. The distributions of tidal mixing in selected sections reveal that the vertical stratification in Bohai Sea is not obvious, generally renders a barotropic structure.  相似文献   

Surficial fractures in the Navajo sandstone,south-western USA: the roles of thermal cycles,rainstorms, granular disintegration,and iterative cracking     

David B. Loope  Garrison R. Loope  Caroline M. Burberry  Clinton M. Rowe  Gerald C. Bryant 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2020,45(9):2063-2077

Deep (> 5 m) sheeting fractures in the Navajo sandstone are evident at numerous sites in southern Utah and derive from tectonic stresses. Strong diurnal thermal cycles are, however, the likely triggers for shallow (< 0.3 m) sheeting fractures. Data from subsurface thermal sensors reveal that large temperature differences between sensors at 2 and 15 cm depth on clear summer afternoons are as great as those that trigger sheeting fractures in exposed California granite. Extensive polygonal patterns in the Navajo sandstone are composed of surface-perpendicular fractures and were produced by contractile stresses. Numerous studies have shown that porewater diminishes the tensile strength of sandstone. Based on our thermal records, we propose that cooling during monsoonal rainstorms triggers polygonal fracturing of temporarily weakened rock. On steep outcrops, polygonal patterns are rectilinear and orthogonal, with T-vertices. Lower-angle slopes host hexagonal patterns (defined by the dominance of Y-vertices). Intermediate patterns with rectangles and hexagons of similar scale are common. We posit that outcropping fractures are advancing downward by iterative steps, and that hexagons on sandstone surfaces (like prismatic columns of basalt) have evolved from ancestral orthogonal polygons of similar scale. In lava flows, fractures elongate intermittently as they follow a steep thermal gradient (the source of stress) as it rapidly moves through the rock mass. In our model, a steep, surficial thermal gradient descends through unfractured sandstone, but at the slow pace of granular disintegration. Through time, as the friable rock on stable slopes erodes, iterative cracking advances into new space. Hexagonal patterns form as new fractures, imperfectly guided by the older ones, propagate in new directions, and vertices drift into a configuration that minimizes the ratio of fracture length to polygon area. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Deposition and preservation of fluvio-tidal shallow-marine sandstones: A re-evaluation of the Neoproterozoic Jura Quartzite (western Scotland)     

Bruce K. Levell  Howard D. Johnson  Daniel S. Collins  Marijn van Cappelle 《Sedimentology》2020,67(1):173-206

The 2 to 5 km thick, sandstone-dominated (>90%) Jura Quartzite is an extreme example of a mature Neoproterozoic sandstone, previously interpreted as a tide-influenced shelf deposit and herein re-interpreted within a fluvio-tidal deltaic depositional model. Three issues are addressed: (i) evidence for the re-interpretation from tidal shelf to tidal delta; (ii) reasons for vertical facies uniformity; and (iii) sand supply mechanisms to form thick tidal-shelf sandstones. The predominant facies (compound cross-bedded, coarse-grained sandstones) represents the lower parts of metres to tens of metres high, transverse fluvio-tidal bedforms with superimposed smaller bedforms. Ubiquitous erosional surfaces, some with granule–pebble lags, record erosion of the upper parts of those bedforms. There was selective preservation of the higher energy, topographically-lower, parts of channel-bar systems. Strongly asymmetrical, bimodal, palaeocurrents are interpreted as due to associated selective preservation of fluvially-enhanced ebb tidal currents. Finer-grained facies are scarce, due largely to suspended sediment bypass. They record deposition in lower-energy environments, including channel mouth bars, between and down depositional-dip of higher energy fluvio-ebb tidal bars. The lack of wave-formed sedimentary structures and low continuity of mudstone and sandstone interbeds, support deposition in a non-shelf setting. Hence, a sand-rich, fluvial–tidal, current-dominated, largely sub-tidal, delta setting is proposed. This new interpretation avoids the problem of transporting large amounts of coarse sand to a shelf. Facies uniformity and vertical stacking are likely due to sediment oversupply and bypass rather than balanced sediment supply and subsidence rates. However, facies evidence of relative sea level changes is difficult to recognise, which is attributed to: (i) the areally extensive and polygenetic nature of the preserved facies, and (ii) a large stored sediment buffer that dampened response to relative sea-level and/or sediment supply changes. Consideration of preservation bias towards high-energy deposits may be more generally relevant, especially to thick Neoproterozoic and Lower Palaeozoic marine sandstones.  相似文献   

钾稳定同位素研究综述     

王昆  李伟强  李石磊 《地学前缘》2020,27(3):104-122

钾稳定同位素是重要的非传统稳定同位素体系,也是近年来迅速发展的热门研究课题。对钾同位素研究历史和现状进行综述,具体包括以下内容:(1)总结了钾元素的地球化学和宇宙化学性质,包括钾在主要地质储库(地幔、地壳、海洋)中的丰度及其分配,钾在岩浆演化中的不相容大离子亲石性,常见含钾火成岩/沉积岩矿物以及钾在表生过程中的循环,也包括主要行星物质(球粒陨石、非球粒陨石、火星和灶神星陨石以及月球样品)中钾的含量、赋存状态、主要矿物,钾在太阳星云冷凝、行星积聚以及岩浆海过程中的中等挥发性质;(2)介绍了钾同位素的研究历史,从1922年Dempster利用最早的质谱仪测量钾同位素在自然界的丰度,到Taylor和Urey在1938发表的经典的钾同位素分馏实验,再到Humayun和Clayton在1995年发表的钾同位素领域的经典研究,最后到近几年的进展;(3)介绍了对钾的前处理(离子交换柱法)以及钾同位素的主要测量方法,包括早期热电离质谱仪法(TIMS),二次离子质谱仪法(SIMS)和近十几年以来高速发展的多接收电感耦合等离子体质谱仪法(MC-ICP-MS)及其不同的技术路线;(4)介绍了高精度钾同位素比值在低温地球化学和生物地球化学中的应用,包括钾同位素在地表的风化过程中、海水洋壳的反向风化作用中的分馏及其在示踪全球钾元素循环和洋壳俯冲等过程中的应用;(5)介绍了高精度钾同位素比值在高温地球化学中的应用,包括钾同位素在岩浆分异和矿物结晶过程中的分馏;(6)介绍了高精度钾同位素比值在宇宙化学中的应用,包括在太阳星云冷凝、行星凝聚、月球形成大碰撞、岩浆海、火山喷发去气过程中的分馏作用。  相似文献   

潮汐和风对马六甲海峡海流的影响     

范锦晓  胡松 《热带海洋学报》2020,39(4):13-24

基于非结构有限体积法海洋模型FVCOM(Finite-Volume Community Ocean Model), 建立了马六甲海峡及其毗邻海域高分辨率水动力数值模型, 研究了风和潮流作用下的余环流结构以及水体输运特征。结果表明, 马六甲海峡航道中央潮流运动以往复流为主, 边缘存在旋转流; 主要研究区域内落潮流速略大于涨潮流速, 东南窄道处流速最大; 因峡道束窄变浅, 在涨落潮过程中潮流发生汇聚与分离; 主要研究区域东南段存在3个显著的潮致余环流; 东北季风驱动时模型响应为海峡海流整体向西北方向流动, 西南季风时反之; 季风期间潮致表层余环流结构被破坏, 但底层余流仍存在水平环流结构, 且随着风速增加, 底层余环流的数目、大小、形状、位置均会产生变化; 季风过渡期余环流结构也会发生部分改变, 尤其是小潮期间风场影响效果显著。  相似文献   

透明胞外聚合颗粒物碳输运新途径   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  

孙军  郭聪聪  张桂成 《海洋学报》2019,41(8):125-130

目前大家普遍认为，透明胞外聚合颗粒物(Transparent Exopolymer Particles，TEP)因其独特的凝聚效应导致碳通量向海底输出。但是，近几年的研究表明TEP不仅影响了碳沉降途径，其本身能够悬浮甚至向海水表层迁移，导致其在海洋微表层(Surface Micro-layer, SML)积累，最终显著影响海洋表层碳通量。TEP和其他颗粒物聚集形成凝聚物后，其运动趋势则由凝聚物中TEP的含量占比，即最终颗粒物密度所决定。一个新的值得注意的现象是，密度低的TEP通过与其他微粒聚合形成表面活性物质(Surface-active Substances, SAS)，会在海洋–大气界面形成薄膜，显著影响海–气CO₂交换通量，甚至对全球气候变化造成影响。  相似文献