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Seasonal abundance and distribution of pelagic tunicates (Chordata: Thaliacea) in the central South China Sea 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
1IntroductionTunicates(Chordata:Thaliacea)are large pe-lagic gelatinous zooplankton.They can be used as in-dicator species for ocean currents and water bodies(Chen et al.,1980;Chen et al.,1988;Lin,1988,1990;Lin and Zhang,1993;Thompson,1948).They also play… 相似文献
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In this paper, the distribution patterns and abundance of pelagic tunicates in the North Yellow Sea of China during the period 2006-2007 were analyzed. Zooplankton samples were obtained with vertical towing from bottom to surface using a WP2 plankton net(200 μm mesh size; mouth area: 0.25 m2). Five species belonging to two classes were identified: Oikopleura dioica, O. longicauda and Fritillaria borealis belonging to class Appendicularia; Salpa fusiformis and Doliolum denticulatum of class Thaliacea. O. dioica and O. longicauda were the dominant species, occurring in the samples of all four seasons, with different distribution patterns. Their maximum abundance were 1664.7 ind. m-3(spring) and 1031.7 ind. m-3(spring) respectively. Following Oikopleura spp. were D. denticulatum, which was found only in autumn with an average abundance of 149.6 ind. m-3, and S. fusiformis, which was detected all the year long except for autumn with low abundance(max. abundance 289.4 ind. m-3 in summer). Only a very small amount of F. borealis was detected in summer samples, with an average abundance of 2.7 ind. m-3. The relationship between tunicates abundances and the environmental factors was analyzed using the stepwise regression model for each species. The variation of appendicularian abundance showed a significant correlation with the surface water temperature and with the concentration of Chl-a. No relationship was found between tunicates abundance and salinity, likely due to the slight changes in surface salinity of the studied area during the four seasons. Salps abundance and that of doliolids were significantly correlated to bottom water temperature, indicating that these two species(S. fusiformis and D. denticulatum) migrate vertically in the water column. In particular D. denticulatum, known to be a warm water species, showed not only an important correlation with water temperature, but also a spatial distribution connected to the warm currents in the North Yellow Sea. The occurrence of D. denticulatum represents an interesting result never found in past research work. Water temperature, algal distribution and currents were the most relevant environmental factors influencing the tunicate abundance and distribution in the North Yellow Sea. Further research is needed in order to get more information on the ecology of these organisms and to better understand their role in the ecosystem including the oceanic food web. 相似文献
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Mariela L. Spinelli Patricia Martos Graciela B. Esnal Fabiana L. Capitanio 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2009
Among tunicates, the small planktonic appendicularians generally comprise a significant fraction of the mesozooplankton of estuarine environments. However, no spatio-temporal studies nor estimation of some ecological parameters such as biomass or pellet production of these organisms have been previously reported in La Plata River estuary. We studied the species composition and abundance as well as biomass and pellet production, associated with the river plume variations using data collected during seven spring (October) cruises. Approximately 80 samples were collected in each cruise with a Pairovet net (200 μm mesh size) trawled vertically through the water column; CTD data profiles were also recorded. Three transects at the north, middle and south of the estuary were performed in order to compare the environmental gradients to the species distribution. The river's discharges varied between years and it was reflected on the salinity distribution. The salinity was the main factor driving species composition. Oikopleura dioica, Oikopleura fusiformis and Fritillaria borealis were found, O. dioica being the dominant one. We detected that O. fusiformis was more abundant in stratified waters between salinities of 31 and 33 mainly during 1994, 1995 and 1996. Fritillaria borealis was found only in salinities higher than 33 and in homogenous waters being more abundant in 1995. This year was singular in the sense that no river plume was observed at the middle transect, as it is shown by the homogenous salinity profiles. Oikopleura dioica was present in stratified waters at all salinity ranges. In 1993, it was more abundant at low salinities with temperatures between 12 and 16 °C and a predominance of juvenile animals was observed. The contribution in biomass and pellet production of O. dioica in the stratified waters of this front was very high (27.91–66.58 g C m−2 d−1) revealing their importance in the estuary's carbon cycle. 相似文献
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We analyzed long-term (56-year) variations in springtime biomass of the zooplankton of the California Current System from two primary regions sampled by CalCOFI: Southern California (SC) and Central California (CC) waters. All organisms were enumerated from the plankton samples and converted to organic carbon biomass using length-carbon relationships, then aggregated into 19 major taxa. Planktonic copepods dominate the carbon biomass in both SC (59%) and CC (46%), followed by euphausiids (18% and 25% of mean biomass in SC and CC, respectively). Pelagic tunicates, especially salps and doliolids, constituted a higher fraction of the biomass in CC (13%) than in SC (5%). There was no long-term trend detectable in total zooplankton carbon biomass, in marked contrast to a decline in zooplankton displacement volume in both regions. The difference between these biomass metrics is accounted for by a long-term decline in pelagic tunicates (particularly salps), which have a relatively high ratio of biovolume:carbon. The decline in pelagic tunicates was accompanied by a long-term increase in water column density stratification. No other taxa showed a decline over the duration of the study, apart from salps and pyrosomes in SC and doliolids in CC. Some zooplankton taxa showed compensatory increases over the same time period (ostracods, large decapods, and calycophoran siphonophores in both SC and CC; appendicularians and polychaetes in SC). Two tests for ecosystem shifts, a sequential algorithm and the cumulative sum of anomalies (CuSum) approach, failed to detect changes in 1976-1977 in total carbon biomass, displacement volume, or most individual major taxa, suggesting that aggregated biomass is an insensitive indicator of climate forcing. In contrast, both techniques revealed a cluster of step-like changes associated with the La Niña of 1999. The major El Niño’s in the past half century have consistently depressed total zooplankton biomass and biomass of many major taxa in both SC and CC, although such effects are transitory. Much, but not all, of the interannual variability in zooplankton is shared between the Southern and Central California sectors of the California Current System. 相似文献
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Gabriel Gorsky Nicholas S. Fisher Scott W. Fowler 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》1984,18(1):13-23
The accumulation and retention of 241Am by the pelagic tunicate Oikopleura dioica were examined using laboratory cultures and radiotracer methodology. Animals (i.e., trunks and tails) and discarded empty houses accumulated Am from seawater, giving volume/volume concentration factors of 59±8 and 10±1, respectively. The half-time for retention of Am in empty labelled houses transferred to non-contaminated seawater was 29 h; the retention half-time of Am in houses discarded by larvaceans feeding on Am-labelled diatoms was 219 h; the half-time of Am in fecal pellets produced by animals feeding on a monospecific diet of diatoms was 134 h, and 247 h for fecal pellets from animals fed a mixed diet. Approximately 30% of filtered cells remained in houses after the houses were discarded. Sinking rates of discarded houses and fecal pellets were found to vary with temperature and size, ranging from 26–157 m day?1 (house) and from 25–166 m day?1 (fecal pellets). The ubiquity and abundance of appendicularians, together with their prodigious production of houses (e.g., 10±2 houses day?1 at 17°C for each experimental animal) point to their potential significance in the vertical transport of Am, and probably other reactive metals, to intermediate depths in the ocean. 相似文献
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尾索动物线粒体基因组特征比较及分子系统发育 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
为全面揭示尾索动物线粒体基因组的基本特征,作者系统分析了12种尾索动物的线粒体基因组全序列,尾索动物线粒体基因组所有的基因均在同一链上编码,这与脊椎动物、头索动物线粒体基因组的基因分布特征显著不同.与后生动物线粒体基因组标准的基因组成相比,尾索动物线粒体基因组存在转运 RNA基因的增加以及部分物种 atp8基因的缺失.在尾索动物线粒体基因组中发生了大规模的基因重排,即使在同属物种的线粒体基因组中,也存在主编码基因的基因重排及基因缺失.尾索动物线粒体基因组蛋白质编码基因的起始密码子、终止密码子及氨基酸长度存在明显差异.2个玻璃海鞘(Ciona intestinalis 和 C. savignyi)线粒体基因组12个蛋白质编码基因的 Ka/Ks 比值都低于1(0.0927~0.6752),显示出一定的负选择.在所有的主编码基因中, nad5基因和nad4基因的变异位点最多,可以作为备选的分子标记,用于分析尾索动物不同物种之间的生物多样性.基于线粒体基因组的系统发育分析,支持尾索动物在科级的亲缘关系为:(((柄海鞘科 Pyuridae+芋海鞘科 Styelidae)+(((三段海鞘科Polyclinidae+星骨海鞘科Didemnidae)+簇海鞘科Clavelinidae)+玻璃海鞘科Cionidae))+长纹海鞘科Ascidiidae)+海樽科Doliolidae. 相似文献
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