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1.
1985-2013年黑河中游流域地下水位动态变化特征 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
在气候变化和人类活动的影响下, 黑河流域地表水和地下水的时空分布特征发生了很大变化. 研究水系统演化及其驱动机制对流域水资源可持续管理非常关键. 基于甘肃河西黑河中游流域地下水位动态、水文气象、土地利用和灌溉统计数据, 研究了1985-2013年黑河中游流域地下水位时空变化. 结果表明: 地表水的不合理分配和耕地的扩展导致了地下水的过量开采和地下水位的剧烈变化. 1985-2004年区域地下水位以下降为主; 2005-2013年呈现下降和回升两极发展趋势, 冲洪积扇群带地下水最大下降达17.41 m, 而黑河干流沿岸地下水位最大回升了3.3 m, 地下水埋深普遍增加了1.0~3.0 m. 尽管地下水位在2005-2013年表现出回升趋势, 但干流中游盆地地下水系统处于严重负均衡状态, 制定合理的“生态分水”方案和水资源综合管理规划非常紧迫. 相似文献
2.
荒漠生态系统是整个生物圈中分布较广的一个系统,是陆地生态系统中一个重要的子系统。开展荒漠生态系统服务价值研究和评价,对荒漠生态系统重要性认识和管理具有重要的现实意义。本文基于中国沙漠（地）生态系统的生态水文过程、水平衡机理和水文调控功能等,对其在淡水提供、原盐生产、水源涵养和气候调节方面的物质流——水资源进行了核算,结合不同类型生态服务价值通量,初步评估了中国荒漠生态系统在水文调控方面的服务价值。结果表明:中国沙漠（地）生态系统水文调控方面的生态服务价值为每年5 510.05亿元,其中供给服务价值370.42亿元,调节服务价值5 139.63亿元,分别占总服务价值的6.72%和93.28%。 相似文献
3.
Liangju Zhao Honglang Xiao Maoxian Zhou Guodong Cheng Lixin Wang Li Yin Juan Ren 《水文研究》2012,26(1):143-152
Utilising datasets from the Global Network of Isotopes in Precipitation of the International Atomic Energy Agency, and previous isotopic studies, we investigated δ18O spatial and temporal patterns in Chinese precipitation. Significantly positive relationships existed between precipitation δ18O and air temperature above the north of 35°N and in high altitude regions above 32°N. Significantly negative relationships between precipitation δ18O and the precipitation amount existed below south of 35°N. These temperature and precipitation effects became stronger with increasing altitude except in high altitude regions between 32°N and 35°N. The NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data from 1980 to 2004 showed that variations in spatial and seasonal wind fields at 700 hpa and total precipitable water from the ground to the top of the atmosphere were correlated with the monthly spatial distribution of precipitation δ18O. Basing on this relationship, we established quantitative correlations between the mean monthly precipitation δ18O and both latitude and temperature in different seasons. We found that spatial variations in precipitation δ18O could be described well using the Bowen–Wilkinson model and second‐order equations developed during the present study only in winter (from December to February). During the rest of the year, patterns were too complex to predict using simple models. The results suggest that it is difficult to demonstrate variations of precipitation δ18O throughout the year and for all regions of China using a single model. Moreover, the new models for the relationships among precipitation, latitude, and temperature were better able to depict the variations in precipitation δ18O than the Bowen–Wilkinson model. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
4.
黑河下游典型生态系统水分补给源及优势植物水分来源研究 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
通过对黑河源区降水、 黑河下游河岸林生态系统、 人工梭梭林生态系统梭梭及戈壁红砂生态系统土壤水和浅层地下水稳定氢氧同位素组成(δD、 δ18O)的测定, 对黑河下游典型生态系统土壤水和浅层地下水的补给源进行了研究. 同时通过对比分析河岸林生态系统胡杨和柽柳、 人工梭梭林生态系统梭梭及戈壁红砂生态系统红砂等优势植物根系水及其对应的土壤水及浅层地下水的δ18O, 对黑河下游典型荒漠植物水分来源进行了研究, 并对不同潜在水源对植物水分来源的贡献率进行了计算. 结果表明: 河岸林生态系统和人工梭梭林生态系统的土壤水和浅层地下水来自黑河源区的降水, 源区降水通过黑河河道输水补给河岸林进而形成土壤水和浅层地下水, 但人工梭梭林的土壤水蒸发作用强烈. 戈壁红砂生态系统由于远离黑河, 土壤水不受黑河源区中上游输水的补给. 就植物水分来源而言, 在河岸林生态系统中, 乔木胡杨主要利用40~60 cm的土壤水和地下水, 灌木柽柳主要利用40~80 cm的土壤水; 人工梭梭主要利用200 cm至饱和层土壤水和地下水; 戈壁红砂主要利用175~200 cm的土壤水. 因此, 在黑河下游极端干旱区, 土壤水和地下水是维持荒漠植物生存、 生长及发育的主要来源. 相似文献
5.
Vegetation and soil surveys were conducted under different site conditions in 2007–2011 to study species diversity using richness, evenness and diversity indices, in the middle portion of the Heihe River Basin. The relationship between species distribution and soil environmental factors was also studied by Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA). Results show that vegetation coverage and species diversity were the highest in the interdune lowland, and the lowest in the mobile dune. Results of the Hill’s index (diversity ordering) shows that species diversity is reduced along decreasing soil water content, and the order of species diversity was interdune lowland, flat slope, fixed dune, semifixed dune and mobile dune. The influence degree of soil factors on vegetation distribution was soil water content > pH > total K > organic matter > available N > total N > available K > total P > saline content > available P. Soil water content and pH were important factors significantly affecting spatial distribution difference of vegetation, the environmental explanation was 98%. 相似文献
6.
生态-经济系统对冰冻圈变化的适应能力评价——以玉龙雪山地区为例 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以玉龙雪山地区为例,基于关联性、全面性与合理性、可操作性原则,结合玉龙雪山地区冰冻圈变化的特点与主要影响,从生态、水资源、经济与社会系统4个方面遴选了20个指标,构建了生态-经济系统对冰冻圈变化的适应能力评价体系,运用层次分析法和多目标线性加权函数法建立了冰冻圈变化适应能力指数模型,对玉龙雪山地区冰冻圈变化适应能力进行了综合评价.结果表明:就子系统而言,1980-2008年除水资源系统的适应能力呈下降态势外,生态、经济与社会系统对冰冻圈变化的适应能力均呈上升趋势.水资源总量减少是水资源系统适应能力降低的主要影响因素.玉龙雪山地区冰冻圈变化的综合适应能力增强,经济系统对综合适应能力的贡献达到37%,居首位,其次为社会系统,为29%.旅游业发展驱动下的生态环境保护,地区经济实力增强,交通设施建设,居民收入增加共同助推了该地区综合适应能力的提升. 相似文献
7.
Possible change on the runoff in the upper Yellow River basin under global climate change 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
YongChao Lan Jun Wen JunJie Chang YeXin Xu YongPing Shen XingLin Hu JinQi Lu 《寒旱区科学》2009,1(2):0157-0164
In this study,the characteristics and changing trends of temperature,precipitation,and runoff in the upper Yellow River basin up Tangnag station are analyzed by using hydrological and meteorological data in the past 50 years from observation stations in the basin.Further,in this study,the evolving trend of runoff in the future decades is forecasted in the basin based on the method of suppositional climate scenes combination.The results indicate temperature variation in the basin has an evident positive relation with global warming,and the precipitation variations are quite complicated in the basin because of differences of located geographic positions during the past 50 years.Runoff in the basin has been decreasing continually since the end of the 1980s because the mean temperature in the basin has been rising and precipitation in the main areas of runoff formation in the basin has been decreasing.Runoff will largely decrease if precipitation decreases and temperature rises continuously,whereas runoff will increase if temperature is invariable and precipitation increases largely;the increase magnitude of runoff may be more than that of precipitation because of the synchronously increasing supply of meltwater from snow,glacier,and frozen soils in future several decades. 相似文献
8.
黑河上游高寒山区集水面积阈值确定方法探讨 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
针对我国高寒山区河流的最佳集水面积阈值确定的问题, 选取黑河上游山区为研究区, 利用SWAT(soil and water assessment tool)模型的流域离散模块(watershed delineator)基于DEM提取河网, 探讨河网总长度与集水面积阈值关系曲线法和适度指数法在高寒山区的适用性. 结果表明: 两种方法所对应的最佳集水面积阈值相差较大, 所提取的河网难以反映河流真实情况, 效果较差, 主要原因是上述方法仅考虑流域面积、地形和几何特征的影响, 缺乏对降水和其他下垫面因子的综合考虑. 相较而言, 利用蓝线河网推求最佳集水面积的适度指数法的效果较好. 在高寒山区进行河网提取时, 应综合考虑影响河网发育的各个因素, 在流域分区的基础上, 通过不同集水面积阈值实验, 获取更高精度的数字河网, 改善分布式水文模型的空间离散效果. 相似文献
9.
YunFeng Ruan LiangJu Zhao HongLang Xiao GuoDong Cheng MaoXian Zhou Fang Wang 《寒旱区科学》2014,6(3):0226-0235
Stable oxygen and hydrogen isotopic compositions （δ18O and δD） of soil water and shallow groundwater of a riparian forest, an artificial shrub forest, and Gobi of the lower reaches of the Heihe River Basin are used to study the recharge water sources of those ecosystems. IsoSource software is used to determine the δ180 values for root water of Populous euphratica and Tamarix ramosissima in the riparian forest ecosystem, Haloxylon ammodendron in the artificial shrub forest, and Reaumuria soongorica in the Gobi, as well as for local soil water and groundwater, and precipitation in the upper reaches of the Heihe River Basin. Our results showed that soil water and shallow groundwater of the riparian forest and the artificial shrub forest were recharged by river water which originated from precipitation in the upper reaches, and strong evaporation occurred in the artificial shrub forest. Soil water of the Gobi was not affected by Heihe River water due to this area being far away from the river channel. The main water sources of Populous euphratica were from 40-60-cm soil water and groundwater, and of Tamarix ramosissima were from 40-80-cm soil water in the riparian forest ecosystem. In the artificial forest, Haloxylon ammodendron used 200-cm saturated-layer soil water and shallow groundwater. The Reaumuria soongorica mainly used soil water from the 175-200-cm depth in the Gobi. Therefore, soil water and groundwater are the main water sources which maintain survival and growth of the plants in the extremely arid regions of the lower reaches of the Heihe River Basin. 相似文献
10.
基于数字摄影测量的雪盖制图方法探讨 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
受地形、 植被、 太阳辐射以及分吹雪等因素影响, 山区积雪时空分布差异性很大, 人工观测和卫星遥感手段很难获取高时空分辨率的雪盖信息. 2010年3-5月在祁连山葫芦沟一级小支流开展了相机摄影试验, 并应用摄影测量技术将野外拍摄影像转化为正射积雪空间分布图像, 以此获取小流域高时空分辨率的积雪分布信息. 结果表明: 20次摄影测量后方交会解得到的摄影中心与实测摄影中心误差ΔX 分布在-9.27~25.51 m之间, 而ΔY分布在-33.53~18.2 m, ΔZ区于-3.33~9 m之间. 单张积雪制图误差分析表明, ΔX 分布在-9.27~25.51 m之间, 而ΔY分布在-33.53~18.2 m, ΔZ区于-3.33~9 m之间, 边缘处积雪制图误差大于中心位置. 进一步分析表明, 高程数据精度、 摄影距离和摄影倾角等因素影响数字摄影测量雪盖制图的精度. 随着地形数据精度的提高, 正射积雪制图的精度有很大的提升空间, 相机摄影测量也将成为小流域尺度、 坡面尺度雪盖信息获取的有效手段之一. 相似文献