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1.
钟翼  许建新  韩积斌  徐凯 《盐湖研究》2020,28(1):112-122
为了解阿拉尔河悬浮物对铀的吸附特性,通过静态吸附实验,研究了吸附时间、pH值、温度和铀初始浓度等因素对模拟含铀水中U(VI)去除率的影响,并从热力学和动力学方面对吸附过程进行了分析。结果表明,在T=25℃,溶液初始pH=7,接触时间为16 h时,悬浮物对铀的平衡吸附率最佳,为95.48%。随着铀初始浓度的增加,吸附量增加,但吸附率随之下降,升高温度有利于铀的吸附。铀在悬浮物上的吸附过程符合Langmuir等温吸附方程,说明悬浮物对铀为单分子层吸附,且化学吸附占主导地位。吸附动力学过程可用准二级吸附动力学模型描述,表明吸附主要受动力学控制,由两个以上步骤共同控制。FTIR和EDS分析结果表明,吸附过程中铀主要与悬浮物表面活性基团螯合并以表面络合吸附为主。吸附前后的能谱对比分析表明,吸附过程中存在离子交换行为。因此,悬浮物对铀的吸附机理是以表面络合吸附和离子交换为主、物理吸附为辅的混合吸附过程。  相似文献   
2.
Aqueous phosphate removal by three geomaterials from Ivory Coast was evaluated to determine their potential application as low-cost phosphate adsorbents in wastewater treatment. Batch experiments showed that phosphate uptake strongly depended on pH. Laterite and sandstone dissolution was less pronounced compared to shale. A correlation between concentrations of aqueous cation species released from shale and phosphate uptake was observed. The kinetics were well described using the pseudo-second-order model. Isotherms displayed a saturation level on shale, while phosphate uptake continuously increased for laterite and sandstone. The removal efficiency decreased in the following ranking order: laterite > sandstone > shale. Laterite was also the most efficient adsorbent in column experiments. The high phosphate removal efficiency of laterite (8.3 mg PO4 g?1) was attributed to the presence of superparamagnetic low grain sizes of goethite. Laterite is a particularly promising material for further investigation in wastewater treatment technology such as constructed wetlands.  相似文献   
3.
In the classical view of metamorphic microstructures, fast viscous relaxation (and so constant pressure) is assumed, with diffusion being the limiting factor in equilibration. This contribution is focused on the only other possible scenario – fast diffusion and slow viscous relaxation – and brings an alternative interpretation of microstructures typical of high‐grade metamorphic rocks. In contrast to the pressure vessel mechanical model applied to pressure variation associated with coesite inclusions in various host minerals, a multi‐anvil mechanical model is proposed in which strong single crystals and weak grain boundaries can maintain pressure variation at geological time‐scales in a polycrystalline material. In such a mechanical context, exsolution lamellae in feldspar are used to show that feldspar can sustain large differential stresses (>10 kbar) at geological time‐scales. Furthermore, it is argued that the existence of grain‐scale pressure gradients combined with diffusional equilibrium may explain chemical zoning preserved in reaction rims. Assuming zero net flux across the microstructure, an equilibrium thermodynamic method is introduced for inferring pressure variation corresponding to the chemical zoning. This new barometric method is applied to plagioclase rims around kyanite in felsic granulite (Bohemian Massif, Czech Republic), yielding a grain‐scale pressure variation of 8 kbar. In this approach, kinetic factors are not invoked to account for mineral composition zoning preserved in rocks metamorphosed at high grade.  相似文献   
4.
正1 Introduction With the industrial development of lithium battery,nuclear and aerospace industry,the demands of metal lithium and its compounds are increasing significantly.Lithium is called as the energy of the metal in the new century(Zhang et al.2001).The total reserve of lithium resources around the world7  相似文献   
5.
随着常规镍来源的硫化镍矿资源的日益枯竭,可直接生产氧化镍、镍锍和镍铁等产品的红土镍矿倍受关注。对于红土镍矿中主量、次量、痕量元素的检测,相同的检测项目存在多种测试方法,且部分相同原理的测试方法存在细节上的差异,使得检测者选择合适的检测方法变得困难。本文综述了近年来红土镍矿中24种元素测定的样品前处理方式及分析技术研究进展。样品前处理方式依据目标元素及后续的分析方法进行选择,其中酸溶法和碱熔法用途最广。酸溶法引入的盐分少,操作简单,但是分解过程中易导致挥发元素As、Sb、Bi、Hg的损失,Cr易随高氯酸冒烟损失。碱熔法分解能力强,适合分析Cr、Si、全铁等项目,但会引入大量的盐类和因坩埚材料损耗而带入其他杂质,给后续分析带来困难。红土镍矿的分析技术依据实验室条件及目标元素的性质和浓度进行选择。电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-AES)是主量、次量元素的主要分析方法,适合于分析含量为10-5~30%级别的金属元素;X射线荧光光谱法主要用于分析含量为10-3~1级别的元素,尤其适合于测定Al、Si、Ti、V和P,由于该方法的准确性依赖于一套高质量的标准样品,故更适合炉前检测或检测大批红土镍矿样品。电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)最适合于分析10-4含量以下的重元素,特别是稀土和贵金属元素。原子吸收光谱法(AAS)适合于分析10-4~10-2级别的Ca、Mg、Ni、Co、Zn、Cr、Mn等低沸点、易原子化元素。分光光度法主要用于分析Ni和P。原子荧光光谱法(AFS)主要用于分析As、Bi、Sb等易形成气态氢化物的元素。容量法主要用于分析Al、Fe、Mg和Si O2等主含量元素。尽管AAS、分光光度法、AFS法和容量法检测周期长,但所用仪器为实验室常规配置,可满足缺乏相应大型仪器实验室的日常检测。本文认为,针对各种检测方法的适用性及存在问题,应从开发微波消解法、固体进样直接测汞法、ICP-MS法以及Cr与其他元素同时分析的快速分析方法等方面开展研究,建立灵敏、准确的检测方法,从而更好地服务于红土镍矿的贸易、检验和综合利用。  相似文献   
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7.
The aim of this research was to decompose isoproturon and adsorb its photoproducts by developing a carbon material from a juice industry waste. Carbon-TiO2 hybrid materials were obtained by impregnating carbonized guava seeds with TiO2 gels prepared from TiOSO4⋅xH2O and NH4OH using glycerol as a binder and thermally treating the materials at 500 °C. Raman studies confirmed the anatase phase of TiO2. SEM images showed isolated TiO2 agglomerates firmly attached to the carbon surface. The adsorption behavior of isoproturon on guava carbon was studied and yielded S-type adsorption isotherms. The photocatalytic activities of the prepared hybrid materials were monitored to study the kinetics and elimination process both of the herbicide and its photoproducts. The reaction was monitored by UV–Vis spectrophotometry, LC-DAD and LC-MS, enabling identification of some intermediate species. Among the photoproducts produced by carbon-TiO2 hybrid materials, amino-isopropylphenol was detected.  相似文献   
8.
A bounding surface model is formulated to simulate the behavior of clays that are subject to an anisotropic consolidation stress history. Conventional rotational hardening is revisited from the perspective of thermodynamics. As the free energy cannot be accumulated infinitely upon critical state failure, the deviatoric back stress must vanish. This requires the rotated yield surface to be turned back to eventually align on the hydrostatic axis in the stress plane. Noting that most of the previous propositions violate this restriction, an innovative rotational hardening rule is formulated that is thermodynamically admissible. The bounding surface framework that employs the modified yield surface is applied to simulate elastoplastic deformations for overconsolidated clays, with which the overprediction of strength on the “dry” side can be greatly improved with reasonable results. Other important features, including contractive or dilative response and hardening or softening behavior, can also be well-captured. It has been shown that the model can simulate three types of reconstituted clays that are sheared with initial conditions over a wide range of anisotropic consolidation stress ratios and overconsolidation ratios under both triaxial undrained and drained conditions. Limitations and potential improvement of the model regarding the fabric anisotropy at critical state have been discussed.  相似文献   
9.
本文利用红外热成像手段,对微小煤样内的甲烷吸附区进行了观察,并评估其吸附特征与在煤中的分布规律.研究表明煤中存在不同尺度与甲烷吸附能力的甲烷富集区,吸附/解吸甲烷时,甲烷富集区比邻近区域具有更明显的升温/降温现象.通过图像处理的方法对不同吸附压力条件下的红外热像图中的甲烷富集区进行提取,采用盒维数进行统计发现甲烷富集区符合分形规律.试验表明随着吸附压力升高,甲烷富集区的分形维数增大,分布初值减小.对两个不同煤田的煤层气富集区进行统计表明:从微米级到千米级尺度范围内,甲烷富集区分布具有分形特征,且分形维数均在1.5~2.00之间.  相似文献   
10.
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