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Four small freshwater river systems in Hessen, Germany, have been investigated with respect to seasonal and spatial concentration variations and transported load of the organophosphates tri‐n‐butyl phosphate (TBP), tris(2‐butoxyethyl)phosphate (TBEP), tris(2‐chloroethyl)phosphate (TCEP), tris(1‐chloro‐2‐propyl)phosphate (TCPP), and tris(1,3‐dichloro‐2‐propyl)phosphate (TDCPP) and the synthetic musk fragrances 1,3,4,6,7,8‐hexahydro‐4,6,6,7,8,8‐hexa‐methylcyclopenta‐[γ]‐2‐benzopyran (HHCB) and 7‐acetyl‐1,1,3,4,4,6‐hexamethyl‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydronaphthalene (AHTN). Data originate from water samples collected in the time span from September 2003 to April 2005 at 25 sampling locations. The detection frequency for all compounds was about 90%. Mean concentration levels of organophosphates were 502 ng/L (TCPP), 276 ng/L (TBP), 183 ng/L (TBEP), 118 ng/L (TCEP), and 117 ng/L (TDCPP). The synthetic musk fragrances HHCB and ATHN were detected with mean concentrations of 141 and 46 ng/L, respectively. The variability of the concentration of all compounds was high with respect to space and time. The highest concentrations were observed in the Schwarzbach system characterized by the highest proportion of wastewater compared to the other river systems. Concentration levels of synthetic musk fragrances were significantly lower in summer times compared to winter times. 相似文献
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Analytical solutions describing the concentration distribution along one-dimensional unsteady seepage flow through adsorbing saturated finite porous medium have been obtained. An exponential function concentration is enforced at the source of the dispersion, while the change in the concentration is zero at the other boundary. A new time variable has been introduced to solve the unsteady flow problem and the solution is illustrated. 相似文献
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Diet restriction induced autophagy: a lysosomal protective system against oxidative- and pollutant-stress and cell injury 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Moore MN 《Marine environmental research》2004,58(2-5):603-607
Nutrient deprivation or dietary restriction (DR) confers protection against ageing and stress in many animals and induced lysosomal autophagy is part of this mechanism. The effects of dietary restriction on the toxicity of copper and the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon phenanthrene have been investigated in the common marine mussel Mytilus edulis. The findings show that DR-induced autophagy facilitates the recovery of the digestive gland (i.e., molluscan liver analogue) from cell injury caused by both copper and phenanthrene. It is inferred that DR-induced autophagy and lysosomal proteolysis results in improved cellular "housekeeping" through the more efficient removal of oxidatively and pollutant damaged proteins (e.g., protein carbonyls, protein adducts, etc.) and that this contributes to stress resistance. 相似文献
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A study of the changes in the ionic loads of NO, NH, SO and H+ in a boreal forest snowpack at Lake Laflamme, Québec was carried out using hydrological and chemical data from field lysimeters. The results showed that depletion of the N-containing species occurs periodically in the snowpack during meltwater discharge. Rain-on-snow events led to in-pack losses of NO and NH at a rate of 130 μeq m?2 day?1 and 101·3 μeq m?2day?1 respectively. On dry days, however, dry deposition and deposition of organic debris from the canopy resulted in increases of 183·3 μeq m?2day?1 for NO and 4·5 μeq m?2day?1 for NH in the pack. In contrast, SO42? showed continual in-pack increases due to deposition of 5·0 μeq m?2day?1 for wet days and 92·6 μeq m?2day?1 for dry days. The depletion of NO and NH is due to microbiological uptake of these nutrients during periods when the free water content of the pack is high. Controlled melts in a laboratory snowmelt simulator containing snow and organic matter from the forest canopy at Lake Laflamme showed losses of NO and NH similar to those observed in the field. As the microbiological uptake proceeds at a rate comparable to that of ionic load increases in the pack by dry deposition, models of the chemical dynamics of snowmelt should take the former into account in any system where organic content of the snowpack is appreciable. 相似文献
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M. Holá J. Kalvoda O. Bábek R. Brzobohatý I. Holoubek V. Kanický R. Skoda 《Environmental Geology》2009,58(1):141-151
Heavy metal concentrations were studied in the scales of recent and subrecent (2–25 years old) fish buried in the oxbow lake
sediments of the Morava River. The samples were taken from two cores up to 4-m deep and analysed using laser ablation inductively
coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) and an electron microprobe analysis (EMPA). The results were compared with heavy
metal concentrations of bulk samples of the embedding sediment. The study has revealed substantial differences in heavy metal
contents existing between the recent and subrecent fish scales documenting an extreme rapidity of the diagenesis/fossilization
processes. The most apparent features of the early fossilization include the quick loss of the mucous envelope, collagen and
magnesium and an enormous increase in the heavy metal concentrations in particular iron, which is connected with a colour
change. The variations in heavy metal contents in fish scales within a sample are attributed to variations in heavy metal
content in the environment and variable amounts of organic matter in the embedding sediment. In contrast to the contamination
of the embedding sediment, no general increase in heavy metal concentrations in fish scales was observed down to the cores.
It is inferred that the rapid sorption stabilizes the biologic hydroxyapatite of the fish scales, which thus rapidly attain
a thermodynamic equilibrium with the embedding water-saturated sediment. The results show that the processes of sorption,
fossilization and stabilization of hydroxyapatite can act very quickly over a time scale of several years and represent thus
a great advantage in the preservation of the original signals of the ancient environments. 相似文献
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Z.AHMAD U.C.KOTHYARI K.G.RANGARAJU 《国际泥沙研究》2004,19(1):1-14
Laboratory experiments on longitudinal dispersion in clear-water and sediment-laden open channel flows are reported. Data from these experiments and those available from previous studies indicate that the suspended sediment present in the flow affects the longitudinal dispersion process. The observed velocity distributions over the depth of sediment-laden flows indicate that the velocity deviates from the mean velocity more in sediment-laden flows than in clear-water flows. The velocity distributions over the cross section and secondary flow in the channel are also expected to be altereddue to the presence of suspended sediments in the flow. For these reasons, more dispersion is found in sediment-laden flows than in corresponding clear-water flows. A predictor for the dispersion coefficient in sediment-laden flows is proposed. 相似文献
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为改善油气田开采过程中的环境,本文结合主成分分析法(Principal Component Analysis)与污染物迁移模型,对研究区的油气田开采过程中的污染物进行了分析,主要研究其在土壤中的迁移程度。本研究首先介绍了油气田开采产生污染物的研究背景与污染物种类,其次结合主成分分析法对污染物中的主要成分进行了筛选,最后构建污染物迁移模型,对污染物在土壤以及水体中的迁移进行了研究。结果表明,本文中的主要污染物为石油类、酸、氟离子、氯离子和COD(Chemical Oxygen Demand)、BOD(Biochemical oxygen demand),石油类所占比重最大,为23.63%;石油类污染物在黑钙土中的迁移最广,直至土层厚度为35cm,污染物浓度从18365 mg/kg降到0;石油类污染物在黑钙土中的迁移符合负指数规律;当酸液浓度在1%、2%、3%、4%时,氢离子在土壤中随深度的变化一致,土层厚度为20cm时,11%的酸液酸值高于低浓度土壤酸值,11%的酸液在快速淋滤状态下比缓慢淋滤快一步到达定值;氯离子和氟离子的迁移深度变化基本符合负指数变化规律;低浓度的污染物比高浓度的污染物更早达到定值;石油类污染物在土壤中的迁移能力较弱;本次研究实验值与模拟值基本一致,研究成果良好。石油类污染物在土壤中的迁移能力较弱,酸性污染物对土壤有一定影响。 相似文献