基于国家海洋治理和全球气候变化的我国海洋灾害防治          下载免费PDF全文

齐庆华 《海洋开发与管理》2019,36(2):17-23

为建立和完善现代化的海洋灾害防治体系,提高我国海洋治理和应对全球气候变化的能力,文章以全球治理和国家治理为背景,在明确致灾因子、承灾体、灾害以及灾害风险和管理等基本概念及其内涵的基础上,分析全球气候变化背景下我国海洋灾害及其风险的特征以及海洋灾害防治的关键性和基础性科学问题,并提出我国构建海洋灾害防治体系的建议。研究结果表明:在全球气候变化的影响下,我国沿海地区的海洋灾害风险复杂多变且有所提升;提出以群-环-域为主体的体系架构,研究全球气候变化与区域海洋的响应和反馈、全球气候变化背景下海洋灾害与风险的特征和规律以及综合海洋灾害风险评估和海洋灾害防治等问题;在我国构建海洋灾害防治体系的过程中,应加强科学研究以及技术和信息支撑、促进区域和全球联动联防以及提高全社会对海洋灾害的认知和防范水平。  相似文献   

An extended finite volume method and fixed-stress approach for modeling fluid injection–induced tensile opening in fractured reservoirs     

Rajdeep Deb  Patrick Jenny 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2020,44(8):1128-1144

Fluid injection–induced tensile opening is modeled using an extended finite volume method (XFVM). An embedded fracture strategy is used for the flow problem, that is, the fractures are discretized using finite volume segments without resolving the grid around them. Further, the discontinuities across fractures are modeled using special basis functions. The fracture openings due to enhanced fluid pressure and the associated shear slip due to traction free boundary condition on the fracture segments are both modeled using these special discontinuity basis functions. Mass transfer between fractures and matrix is modeled using the pressure difference. The enhancement of fracture storativity due to tensile opening leads to stronger coupling between flow and mechanics. An iterative scheme relying on the fixed-stress approach for fractures, which conserves the stress dependent terms over each iteration of the flow problem, has been introduced. Tensile opening has been simulated for single fractures embedded in two- and three-dimensional matrices. The convergence criterion for sequentially implicit fixed-stress scheme for fractures embedded in elastic media is established and has been validated numerically. Further, for 2D simulations, the effect of the matrix permeability for fracture propagation due to tensile opening has been studied.  相似文献   

Three-dimensional active earth pressure from cohesive backfills with tensile strength cutoff     

Zheng-Wei Li  Tian-Zheng Li  Xiao-Li Yang 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2020,44(7):942-961

Most of previous analyses on the active earth pressure were performed in two-dimensional cases using the Mohr-Coulomb (M-C) failure function to describe the soil strength. However, all failures of retained slopes indicate a somewhat three-dimensional (3D) feature, and the M-C function is found to overestimate the tensile strength of cohesive soil. In this work, a kinematic limit analysis–based approach is developed for computing the 3D active earth pressure resulting from cohesive backfills. The concept of tensile strength cutoff is adopted to implement the reduction or elimination of tensile strength from the strength envelope. An extended 3D horn failure mechanism that is associated with the modified strength envelope is developed to characterize the collapse of retained slopes. The resultant of active earth pressure is evaluated from the work rate balance equation and expressed as an unfactored coefficient. The obtained results indicate that less support provided by the wall is required when allowing the existence of soil cohesion and 3D effects and that eliminating the tensile strength can observably increase the active earth pressure, especially for the backfill with a great level of cohesion.  相似文献   

非迁移潮作用下的电离层赤道异常区单峰现象及其经度分布          下载免费PDF全文

田耀宇  郝永强  张东和  肖佐 《地球物理学报》2019,62(11):4067-4081

当喷泉效应较弱而双峰结构发展不充分的时候，可能在赤道异常区仅能够观测到一个电子密度的峰值，称之为单峰现象.本文利用CHAllenging Minisatellite Payload卫星在2001-2010年的电子密度数据给出了单峰的发生规律，单峰在地方时早上08：00-10：00和下午16：00-19：00发生率高，发生位置在经度上呈现多波数分布，尤其在10：00-18：00明显：在分季时多呈现四波，而在冬至季时以三波为主.单峰发生多的经度，正好对应着双峰的结构特征较弱之处.究其原因，是非迁移潮的DE2和DE3分量调制了背景风场和大气发电机电场，在电场和喷泉效应减弱的经度，双峰结构难以形成时，就会表现为单峰结构.本文扩展了对单峰现象的地方时、季节和经度分布等规律的了解，明确了非迁移潮在其中施加的影响，由此，单峰同双峰现象一样可以用于研究非迁移潮对热层-电离层的作用.  相似文献   

A finite element approach for predicting the full resistance profile of a spudcan deeply penetrating in dense sand overlying clay     

《Applied Ocean Research》2019

This paper presents a finite element approach to calculate the full resistance profile of a spudcan deeply penetrating in dense sand overlying clay, in which a potential for an installing spudcan to experience a sudden uncontrolled punch-through failure exists. A modified Mohr-Coulomb model characterized by incorporating a four-phase variation of the mobilized strength and dilation parameters with an equivalent accumulated plastic strain is developed and tested for the overlying dense silica sand. An extended Tresca model is used for the strain softening of the underlying clay. A series of large deformation finite-element (LDFE) analyses are carried out, varying the strength and dilation parameters as well as the spudcan geometries. A fairly good performance of the present approach is verified by validating against groups of centrifuge tests data, allowing the numerical study to be extended parametrically. The four-phase variation of the mobilized strength and dilation parameters involved in the progressive failure of the upper dense sand is parametrically studied and extended to cover the range of sand relative densities that are of practical interest. Additionally, comparisons with the typical existing LDFE analyses using both simple and sophisticated constitutive models are carried out. It shows that the present approach performs fairly well to calculate the full resistance profile of a spudcan deeply penetration in both thin and thick dense sand overlying clay, especially the peak and post-peak resistance, within around 5% of the corresponding centrifuge tests results.  相似文献   

A comparison of the effectiveness of the roots of two grass species in reducing soil erosion on alluvial fans in south-east China     

Fangshi Jiang  Kaiwen He  Jiahui Lin  Hui Li  Zhenzhi Zhan  Jinshi Lin  Hongli Ge  Ming Kuang Wang  Yanhe Huang 《水文研究》2020,34(1):96-110

The effects of root systems on soil detachment by overland flow are closely related to vegetation types. The objective of this study was to quantify the effects of two gramineous roots (Paspalum mandiocanum with shallow roots and Pennisetum giganteum with deep roots) on soil detachment capacity, rill erodibility, and critical shear stress on alluvial fans of benggang in south-east China. A 4-m-long and 0.12-m-wide flume was used. Slope steepness ranged from 9% to 27%, and unit flow discharge ranged from 1.39 × 10⁻³ to 4.19 × 10⁻³ m² s⁻¹. The mean detachment capacities of P. mandiocanum and P. giganteum lands were 18% and 38% lower than that of bare land, respectively, and the effects of root on reducing soil detachment were mainly reflected in the 0- to 5-cm soil layer. The most important factors in characterizing soil detachment capacity were root length density and soil cohesion, and soil detachment capacity of the two grass lands could be estimated using flow shear stress, soil cohesion, and root length density (NSE = 0.90). With the increase in soil depth, rill erodibility increased, whereas shear stress decreased. The mean rill erodibilities of P. mandiocanum and P. giganteum lands were 81% and 61% as much as that of bare land, respectively. Additionally, rill erodibilities of the two grass lands could be estimated as an exponential function by root length density and soil cohesion (NSE = 0.88). The mean critical shear stress of P. mandiocanum and P. giganteum lands was 1.29 and 1.39 times that of bare land, respectively, and it could be estimated with a linear function by root length density (NSE = 0.76). This study demonstrated that planting of the two grasses P. mandiocanum and P. giganteum could effectively reduce soil detachment and enhance soil resistance to erosion on alluvial fans, with the deep roots of P. giganteum being more effective than the shallow roots of P. mandiocanum. The results are helpful for understanding the influencing mechanism of root systems on soil detachment process.  相似文献   

祁连山北部基岩河道宽度对构造和岩性的响应     

李琼  秦冰雪  潘保田 《第四纪研究》2020,(1):132-147

活动造山带基岩河流地貌研究,目前已成为构造地貌学研究的前沿和热点。河道宽度形态的调整变化是基岩河流响应构造、岩性和气候等扰动的重要方式之一。通过研究祁连山北部地区6个重点流域基岩河道的宽度形态发现:河道宽度总体上呈现出东西向和南北向的变化特征,河道向下游增宽的速率,东段地区显著高于中段地区,低山带显著高于高山带;对比河道宽度的变化特征与构造抬升速率及岩性抗蚀性的变化,可以推断:在祁连山北部地区,基岩河道宽度响应构造抬升和岩性抗蚀性的变化进行了系统地调整,构造抬升控制了流域河道宽度变化的总体趋势,而岩性抗蚀性变化则导致了流域内部局部河段河道宽度的大幅波动。在祁连山北部地区开展的基岩河道宽度形态研究,为利用基岩河道形态研究造山带的构造变形奠定了基础,对于探索构造抬升背景下地貌的发育过程具有十分重要的意义。  相似文献   

盾构隧道下穿管道施工引起的管-土相互作用研究     

可文海  管凌霄  刘东海  邓建林  李科  徐长节 《岩土力学》2020,41(1):221-228

采用Loganathan公式研究了盾构隧道下穿管道施工引起的地下管道处土体竖向位移，利用考虑土中剪力传递的Pasternak模型模拟管-土相互作用，运用修正Vlasov模型中的迭代流程计算出Pasternak模型的关键参数——弹性系数k与剪切系数gs。将计算结果与已有文献结果及工程监测数据进行对比，深入分析了迭代求解k、gs值的Pasternak模型与传统模型的计算差异，并进一步研究了土中剪力、管道与隧道的夹角、土体弹性模量及隧道半径的变化对管-土相互作用的影响。研究结果表明：迭代求解的k、gs值能提升Pasternak模型的精确度；土中剪力对管道竖向位移计算值的影响可达15.3%；随着管道与隧道夹角的减小，管道的竖向位移增大、弯矩减小；土体弹性模量与隧道半径的增大均会增加管道的竖向位移和弯矩。  相似文献   

自由段先注浆对预应力锚索抗拔试验结果影响研究     

杨庆光  柳雄  刘杰  何杰  梁凌川  陈斌 《岩土力学》2020,41(10):3317-3325

为了解决无法采用已注浆锚索进行抗拔试验问题，基于界面脱黏剪切模型，利用荷载传递和弹性变形理论，考虑锚索锚固段与自由段长度比Lb /La的影响，建立了采用自由段已注浆锚索抗拔试验结果评价锚索抗拔性能的方法。结果表明：自由段注浆对锚索抗拔力有较大幅度的提高，尤其是当界面剪切阶段由弹性向脱黏过渡时，提高比例快速增加，并在脱黏后逐渐趋于稳定。其次，锚索自由段与锚固段交界面处剪切位移和轴力最大，并向两端逐渐降低。随着拉拔力的提高，界面剪切位移和轴力都不断增大，同时向锚索两端的衰减速度也加快。此外，弹性阶段时剪应力曲线为山峰型，而脱黏阶段为马鞍型，并随抗拔力的提高，马鞍开口逐渐扩大。最后，锚固段与自由段长度比Lb /La对锚索极限抗拔力的影响较小，其极限抗拔力折减系数?Q取值介于0.81～0.83之间，且Lb /La =2.5时，?Q计算值仅比实测结果小6.02%，验证了本文方法的可行性。  相似文献   

Analysis of resistance factors for LRFD of soil nail pullout limit state using default FHWA load and resistance models     

Hui Hu 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2020,38(3):332-348

Abstract

Resistance factors for load and resistance factor design (LRFD) of pullout limit state of both permanent and temporary soil nails are calibrated against a wide design space using the current Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) nail load and resistance models. The calculated resistance factors were shown to scatter broadly among design scenarios that differ in wall face batter, soil friction angle, nail ultimate bond strength, and surcharge live load. An important lesson learned from the analysis results is that the current practice of using a single resistance factor for LRFD of nail pullout limit state could not result in uniform reliabilities across different design scenarios. Simple artificial neural network (ANN) models were developed for computation of resistance factors. Design examples demonstrated the ability of the ANN models in providing resistance factors that yield satisfactory and consistent reliabilities in different nail pullout designs.  相似文献