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Widdows J Donkin P Staff FJ Matthiessen P Law RJ Allen YT Thain JE Allchin CR Jones BR 《Marine environmental research》2002,53(4):327-356
The objective of this research was to quantify the impact of pollution along the coastlines of the Irish Sea. Pollution assessment was based on the combined measurement of scope for growth (SFG), and chemical contaminants in the tissues of mussels (Mytilus edulis) collected from 38 coastal sites around the Irish Sea during June-July in 1996 and 1997. On the UK mainland coast, the SFG showed a general trend with a significant decline in water quality in the Liverpool and Morecambe Bay region. High water quality was recorded along the west coast of Wales, as well as southwest England and northwest Scotland (clean reference sites outside the Irish Sea). Along the coast of Ireland there was a similar trend with reduced SFG within the Irish Sea region. SFG was generally low north of Duncannon and then improved north of Belfast. The poor water quality on both sides of the Irish Sea is consistent with the prevailing hydrodynamics and the spatial distribution of contaminants associated with urban/ industrial development. The decline in SFG of mussels on both sides of the Irish Sea was associated with a general increase in contaminant levels in the mussels. Certain contaminants, including PAHs, TBT, sigmaDDT, Dieldrin, gamma-HCH, PCBs, and a few of the metals (Cd, Se, Ag, Pb), showed elevated concentrations. Many of these contaminants were particularly elevated in the coastal margins of Liverpool Bay, Morecambe Bay and Dublin Bay. A quantitative toxicological interpretation (QTI) of the combined tissue residue chemistry and SFG measurements indicated that at the majority of coastal sites, c. 50 to > 80% of the observed decline in SFG was due to PAHs as a result of fossil fuel combustion and oil spills. TBT levels were highest at major ports and harbours, but these concentrations only made a minor contribution to the overall reduction in SFG. At no sites were individual metals accumulated to concentrations that could cause a significant effect on SFG. The study identified many sites where the observed reduction in SFG was far greater than predicted from the limited number of chemical contaminants analysed, thus indicating the presence of additional 'unknown toxicants'. Sewage (containing domestic, agricultural and industrial components) appears to be an important contributor to reduced SFG and linear alkylbenzenes (LABs) and As may provide suitable 'sewage markers'. There was a highly significant positive correlation between SFG and As (P < 0.001). This relationship may be due to reduced As uptake by algal food material and mussels at sites with elevated P04 concentrations (e.g. at sites with sewage inputs). Phosphate is a known competitive inhibitor of As accumulation, at least in algae. The results highlight that further research is required on 'sewage markers' in mussels. The SFG approach therefore provides a rapid, cost-effective and quantitative measure of pollution impact, as well as a means of identifying the causes through a QTI of tissue contaminants levels. It also serves to identify the presence of unidentified toxicants and areas that require further study. 相似文献
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为了合理地求定按附合网平差的网点坐标的实际精度,本文推广了半动态法,籍此可在首级网的基准下,统一求定顾及各级控制网测量误差影响精度的全部网点坐标的方差—协方差阵。本文所提出的方法适用于种种情况下的精度估计:等级数不受限制的平面、高程或三维网,本级网平差中的固定数据以及待估计的平差值函数可以包含不同级的网点,从而克服了半动态法原有的局限性。 相似文献
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工程GPS控制网平差转换的要点与模型 总被引：12，自引：2，他引：12
从工程GPS控制网定位的实际需要出发而明确指出：在分别用GPS和常规技术所建立的控制网之间，不能直接采用7参数的坐标转换模型。就空间坐标系的转换而言，3个平移参数只能由单个基难点确定，而有效、适用的GPS网坐标差转换模型其实就是仅有尺度和方位旋转两个参数的范士简化模型。又强调指出：工程GPS网平差转换的又一关键是从投影变换方面保持高斯平面上边长尺度的一致性。至于平差方法的选择，按附合网或按独立网则各有利弊。据此，概括3种平差转换模型，以供学习使用或进一步改进现有软件时的参考。 相似文献
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DEM产生已有20几年，其算法日趋成熟，有着及其广泛的用途。本文重点介绍在水下地形分析中如何建立有效的DEM模型以及如何利用模型充分解决水下地形分析的实际问题，如两期冲淤分析，航道疏浚工程等。这些基于DEM的分析算法已经得到了实践生产的验证。 相似文献
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中线桩设置的定线计算 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
本文叙述了一种利用数值积分式计算线路中线上各点笛卡尔从标的方法，用一个统一的计算机程序在任何坐标系中立即求定以任意方式组合的直线段，圆曲线段和缓和曲线段。 相似文献
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This paper discusses a method for overcoming the problem of weak sinks representing wells that result from spatial discretization effects when using MODPATH, the particle-tracking postprocessor for the ground water flow model MODFLOW. Weak sink cells are model cells that represent a well that does not discharge at a sufficiently large rate to capture all of the flow entering the cell; therefore, flowpaths within these cells cannot be uniquely defined because it is impossible to know whether a given water particle discharges to the well or passes through the cell. Creating a submodel of the well cell by using the nested rediscretization method can eliminate this ambiguity by converting the weak sink cell into a strong sink cell. The method is designed to be run manually for each well and for steady-state conditions. Other advantages, disadvantages, technical considerations, and limitations of the method are presented. Software created for the method consists of five Fortran programs that are operated using a set of instructions. A practical application of the method is presented by using an example wellhead-protection problem that demonstrates that nested rediscretization can provide more accurate particle-tracking results than those obtained by using a coarsely discretized model alone. 相似文献
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开放式地理信息系统(OpenGIS)与互操作技术分析 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
地理信息系统技术在取得巨大发展的同时，其孤立性、封闭性的缺陷越来越不适合现代信息社会的要求，开放式地理信息系统（OpenGIS）规范和互操作技术的提出，不仅为数据共享提供了崭新的思路，而且将GIS带入了开放的时代，从而使得各个系统间实现不同类型地理数据和地理处理方法的透明访问成为可能。本文主要就OpenGIS规范和互操作技术作了一些探讨，最后结合我国的实际情况，分析了OpenGIS在我国的应用现状与未来展望。 相似文献
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GPS网的模拟优化设计 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
对GPS网与常规控制网的优化设计进行比较与分析，给出了GPS网平差及优化设计的数学模型，并对一个实例采用模拟法对一，三阶段进行了优化设计，得出了一些结论。 相似文献
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