基于LiDAR的农田地形环境三维重建方法     

郎朗  冯晓蓉  刘浪 《测绘通报》2020,(2):55-60

为克服传统农田土地平整测量方法耗时费力的特点，提出采用LiDAR技术对农田地形进行重建的探索性研究。通过HDL-32E型激光雷达等搭建了系统的硬件平台，应用C++语言编写了系统数据的采集程序；在此基础上对激光雷达所采集数据进行了标定，研究了农田地形重建系统中不同坐标系的转换方法；同时基于最小值去噪法设计了更适用于农田地形点云去噪的均值限差去噪法。通过对比在农田起伏较大区域不同坡度范围内RTK与激光雷达所测单元个数，对系统精度进行了评价；最后实现了车载农田地形重建系统的界面显示、应用与精度评估。结果表明，在10°~15°、25°~30°大坡度范围内激光雷达所获农田地形更为丰富，精度更高。该方法重建的农田地形模型点云数据和原始农田地形点云数据投影面积逼近度可达93%，验证了本文研究方法应用于农田地形环境重建的可行性，同时为今后的土地精细平整工作提供了理论参考与依据。  相似文献   

The petrogenesis of type B1 Ca‐Al‐rich inclusions: The spinel perspective     

Harold C. CONNOLLY  D. S. BURNETT  Kevin D. McKEEGAN 《Meteoritics & planetary science》2003,38(2):197-224

Abstract— Minor element variations in MgAl₂O₄ spinel from the type B1 calcium‐aluminum‐rich inclusion (CAI) Allende TS‐34 confirm earlier studies in showing correlations between the minor element chemistry of spinels with their location within the inclusion and with the chemistry of host silicate phases. These correlations result from a combination of crystallization of a liquid produced by re‐melting event(s) and local re‐equilibration during subsolidus reheating. The correlation of the Ti and V in spinel inclusions with the Ti and V in the adjacent host clinopyroxene can be qualitatively explained by spinel and clinopyroxene crystallization prior to melilite, following a partial melting event. There are, however, difficulties in quantitative modeling of the observed trends, and it is easier to explain the Ti correlation in terms of complete re‐equilibration. The correlation of V in spinel inclusions with that in the adjacent host clinopyroxene also cannot be quantitatively modeled by fractional crystallization of the liquid produced by re‐melting, but it can be explained by partial re‐equilibration. The distinct V and Ti concentrations in spinel inclusions in melilite from the edge regions of the CAI are best explained as being affected by only a minor degree of re‐equilibration. The center melilites and included spinels formed during crystallization of the liquid produced by re‐melting, while the edge melilites and included spinels are primary. The oxygen isotope compositions of TS‐34 spinels are uniformly ¹⁶O‐rich, regardless of the host silicate phase or its location within the inclusion. Similar to other type B1 CAIs, clinopyroxene is ¹⁶O‐rich, but melilite is relatively ¹⁶O‐poor. These data require that the oxygen isotope exchange in TS‐34 melilite occurred subsequent to the last re‐melting event.  相似文献   

THE PARENT STRATUM AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE GEORGIA TEKTITES     

Harold Povenmire 《Meteoritics & planetary science》1985,20(4):795-799

Seventy-six field expeditions for Georgia tektites have been made to the vicinity of Dodge County, Georgia in an effort to determine the parent formation and distribution pattern by locating new specimens. About 67 new specimens have been recovered; they represent about 9 percent of all known specimens. The primary area of distribution is a fan shaped area approximately 30 by 72 kilometers. It is likely that these tektites have been transported by water from the parent formation. No correlation could be found between size, shape, soil type, elevation and tektite location. Georgia tektites have previously been found only in strata much younger than their 34 m.y. radiometric age. Here, however, the parent formation is identified as the Tobacco Road Sand of this age.  相似文献   

Petrology and origin of amoeboid olivine aggregates in CR chondrites     

Michael K. WEISBERG  Harold C. CONNOLLY  Denton S. EBEL 《Meteoritics & planetary science》2004,39(10):1741-1753

Abstract— Amoeboid olivine aggregates (AOAs) are irregularly shaped, fine‐grained aggregates of olivine and Ca, Al‐rich minerals and are important primitive components of CR chondrites. The AOAs in CR chondrites contain FeNi metal, and some AOAs contain Mn‐rich forsterite with up to 0.7 MnO and Mn:Fe ratios greater than one. Additionally, AOAs in the CR chondrites do not contain secondary phases (nepheline and fayalitic olivine) that are found in AOAs in some CV chondrites. The AOAs in CR chondrites record a complex petrogenetic history that included nebular gas‐solid condensation, reaction of minerals with the nebular gas, small degrees of melting, and sintering of the assemblage. A condensation origin for the Mn‐rich forsterite is proposed. The Mn‐rich forsterite found in IDPs, unequilibrated ordinary chondrite matrix, and AOAs in CR chondrites may have had a similar origin. A type A calcium, aluminum‐rich inclusion (CAI) with an AOA attached to its Wark‐Lovering rim is also described. This discovery reveals a temporal relationship between AOAs and type A inclusions. Additionally, a thin layer of forsterite is present as part of the Wark‐Lovering rim, revealing the crystallization of olivine at the end stages of Wark‐Lovering rim formation. The Ca, Al‐rich nodules in the AOAs may be petrogenetically related to the Ca, Al‐rich minerals in Wark‐Lovering rims on type A CAIs. AOAs are chondrite components that condensed during the final stage of Wark‐Lovering rim formation but, in general, were temporally, spatially, or kinetically isolated from reacting with the nebula vapor during condensation of the lower temperature minerals that were commonly present as chondrule precursors.  相似文献   

Flare stars and solar bursts: High resolution in time and frequency     

Kenneth R. Lang 《Solar physics》1986,104(1):227-233

Coronal loops on the Sun and nearby stars are investigated using observations at 20 cm wavelength with high resolution in time and frequency. Observations of the dwarf M star AD Leonis with high time resolution using the Arecibo Observatory have resulted in the discovery of a quasi-periodic train of circularly polarized spikes with a mean periodicity of 32 ± 5 ms and a total duration of 150 ms. The individual spikes had rise times of 5 ms, leading to an upper limit to the linear size L 1.5 × 10⁸ cm for the spike emitter. This size is only 0.005 of the estimated radius of AD Leonis. Provided that the emitter is symmetric, it has a brightness temperature of T _B 10¹⁶ K, suggesting a coherent burst mechanism such as an electron-cyclotron maser. Coronal oscillations might modulate the maser output, producing the quasi-periodic spikes. Observations at closely spaced wavelengths, or high frequency resolution, using the Very Large Array have revealed narrow-band structure (v/v 0.01) in solar bursts and in the slowly-varying radiation of the dwarf M star YZ Canis Minoris. The narrow-band emission cannot be explained by continuum emission processes, but it might be attributed to electron-cyclotron maser radiation. Maser action at the second or first harmonic of the gyrofrequency implies magnetic field strengths of 250 and 500 G, respectively. Thus, observations with high resolution in time and frequency suggest coherent processes in the coronae of the Sun and dwarf M stars. The scientific potential of these discoveries may be best fulfilled by the construction of a solar-stellar synthesis radiotelescope.Proceedings of the Workshop on Radio Continua during Solar flares, held at Duino (Trieste), Italy, 27–31 May, 1985.  相似文献   

Hydrometeorologische Ergebnisse aus Abflußmessungen im Bereich des Hintereisferners (Ötztaler Alpen) in den Jahren 1957 bis 1959     

Dr. Herbert Lang 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》1966,14(3-4):280-302

Zusammenfassung Während der Internationalen Geophysikalischen Jahre 1957 bis 1959 wurde an einer Pegelmeßstelle bei 2287 m Höhe der Abfluß vom Hintereis- und Kesselwandferner registriert. Im vorliegenden Arbeitsbericht sollen spezifischen Merkmale des Abflusses aus dem zu 58% vergleitscherten Einzugsgebiet 26,6 km²) im Zusammenhang mit den meteorologischen Beidingungen dargestellt werden.Der Jahresabfluß betrug im Haushaltsjahr 1957/58 1848 mm und im Haushaltsjahr 1958/59 1770 mm; bedingt durch den stark negative massenhaushat der Gletscher was die Gletscherspende mit 24% bzw. 20% des Jahresabflusses außergewöhnlich hoch. Der winterabfluß (Oktober bis März) betrug nur 5% bzw. 10% des Jahresabflusses; die drei Sommermonate Juli bis September Lieferten dagegen 76% bzw. 72%. Der größte Monatsabfluß wurde im August 1958 mit 575 mm, im Juli 1959 mit 559 mm registriert.Die Häufigkeitsverteilung der Tagesabflußmengen für das Jahr 1957/58 ließ eine Andauer des Niedrigwassers mit Tages-Mittelwerten kleiner als 18,8 l/s km² (0,5 m³/s) von 217 Tagen (Oktober bis Mai, 59% des Jahres) erkennen. Größere Tagesabflüsse als 225 l/s km² (6,0 m³/s) kamen nur im Juli und August vor. Als Maximum wurden Abflußwerte bis zu 640 l/s km² Gletscherfläche im Tagesmittel erreicht, entsprechen 55m Abflußhöhe von den Schnee- und Eisflächen. Der exponentielle Abfall der Abflußganglinie vom Herbst zum Minimum im Frühjahr deutet an, daß es sich bei Winterwasser vorwiegend um das verzögerte Abfließen von in den Gletschern zurückgehaltenem Schmelzwasser aus der vorangegangenen Ablationsperiode handelt. Das Ansteigen der Wasserführung nach dem Beiginn der Schneeschmelze im Frühjahr erfolgt wegen des Wiedergefrierens von Schmelzwasser und wegen des Retentionsvermögens der Schneedecke mit einiger Verzörgerung.Die unperiodischen Schwankungen im Abflußgang stehen in engem Zusammenhang mit Wettervorgängen, wobei Schneeniederschlägen die Größte Bedeutung zukommt, weil die hohe Albedo einer Neuschneedecke die Ablation auf den Gletschern tagelang fast völlig unterbrechen kann. Aus zweistündigen Mittelwerten wurde für die Monate Juni bis September der mittlere Tagesgang der Wasserführung ermittelt. Die Ursache für das frühere Eintreten des taglichen Abflußmaximums im Spätsommer durfte verminderte Abflußverzögerung sein. Die Beziehung zwischen den Abflußwerten der Pegel Steg-Hospiz und Vent läßt einen Jahresgang erkennen.

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Summary During the International Geophysical Years 1957–1959 the run-off from Hintereisferner and Kesselwandferner was recorded by a stream gauge installed at an altitude of 2287 m. a. s. 1. The annual run-off in relation to mass budget and precipitation has already been reported in [10, 11]. In the present report characteristic features of run-off from a catchment area (26.6 km²) glaciated to 58 per cent shall be discussed with regard to the meteorological conditions.In the budget years 1957/58 and 1958/59 the yearly run-off was 1848 mm and 1770 mm, respectively. Owing to the strongly negative mass budget of the glaciers the glacier quota of 24 per cent and of 20 per cent, respectively, of the annual run-off was exceptionally high. Winter run-off (October to March) amounting to 5 per cent and to 10 per cent, respectively, of the yearly run-off was only small while July to September supplied 76 per cent and 72 per cent, respectively. The maximum monthly run-off was recorded in August 1958 with 575 mm, and in July 1959 with 559 mm.The frequency distribution of the daily run-off in 1957/58 showed a period of low run-off during 217 days (October to May, 59 per cent of the year) with daily means below 18.8 l/s km² (0.5 m³/s). Daily run-off exceeding 225 l/s km² (6.0 m³/s) occurred only in July and August. Daily means exceeding 338 l/s km² (9.0 m³/s) were recorded only three times in July. The maximum daily means of run-off were up to 640 l/s km² of glacier surface which corresponds to 55 mm of run-off from the snow and ice surfaces. The highest two hourly mean value was 950 l/s km² of the glacier surface. The exponential decrease of the run-off curve from fall to the minimum in spring indicates that winter water consists mainly of the delayed run-off of melt water stored in the glaciers during the preceding ablation period. Owing to the refreezing of the melt water and to the storage capacity of the snow cover run-off is somewhat delayed after the snow melt has set in.The aperiodic variations in the run-off are closely related to weather conditions. Snow falls are of primary importance as the high albedo of a fresh snow cover may interrupt ablation on glaciers almost completely for days. The mean daily variation of run-off was determined from two-hourly mean values for the period June to September. The early occurrence of the daily run-off. The relation between the run-off values recorded at the water gauges Steg-Hospiz and Vent indicates and annual variation.

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Résumé Pendant les Années Géophysiques Internationales de 1957 à 1959 l'écoulement du Hintereisferner et du Kesselwandferner a été enregistré par un limnigraphe installé à une altitude 2287 m. Un rapport a déjà été présenté dans [10, 11] sur l'écoulement annuel en rapport avec le bilan hydrologique du bassin. Dans le présent rapoort il sera traité des caractères spécifiques de l'écoulement d'un bassin dont 58% sont recouverts par le glacier, les quels seront mis en rapport avec les conditions météorologiques.L'écoulement annuel au cours de l'année hydrologique 1957/58 a été de 1848 mm et dans l'année hydrologique 1958/59 de 1770 mm. L'eau libérée par la perte de substance glacière représente 24% pour 1957/58 et 20% pour 1958/59 de l'écoulement annuel. Les pourcentages extrêmement élevés doivent être attribués au bilan fortement négatif des glaciers. L'écoulement d'hiver (Octobre à Mars) représentant 5% pour l'année 1957/58 et 10% pour 1958/59 de l'écoulement annuel a été petit tandis que les trois mois d'été (Juillet–Septembre) fournissaient 76% (1957/58) et 72% (1958/59). L'écoulement mensuel le plus élevé a été enregistré en Aôut 1958 avec 575 mm, et, en Juillet 1959 avec 559 mm.La répartition des fréquences des écoulements journaliers pour l'année 1957/58 indique une période d'étiage de 217 jours (Octobre à Mai, 59% de l'année) avec valeurs journalières en dessous de 18.8 l/s km² (0.5 m³/s). Des écoulements dépassant 225 l/s km² (6.0 m³/s) n'ont été enregistrés qu'en Juillet et Aôut. Les moyennes journalières n'ont dépassé les 338 l/s km² (9.0 m³/s) que trois fois en Juillet. Les valeurs maximums des moyennes journalières d'écoulement se sont élevées à 640 l/s km² de la surface des glaciers, correspondant à 55 mm d'écoulement des surfaces de neige et de glace. La valeur maximum d'une moyenne de deux heures a été de 950 l/s km² de la surface des glaciers. La chute exponentielle de la courbe d'écoulement allant de l'automne au minimum enregistré au printemps indique que dans les cas d'étiage il s'agit de l'écoulement retardé des aux de fonte refenues dans les glaciers pendant la période d'ablation précédente. L'accroissement de l'écoulement après le comencement de la fonte de neige au printemps est retardé dans une certaine mesure par le regel des aux de fonte et la capacité de rétention de la couche de neige. Les variations apériodiques dans l'écoulement sont en relations étroites avec les conditions atmospheriques dont les chutes de neige sont de la plus grade importance car l'albédo élevé d'une couche de neige fraîche interrompt parfois et presque complétement l'ablation sur les glaciers pour des jours entiers.L'amplitude moyenne de la variation journalière de l'écoulement a été, pour les mois de Juin à Septembre, détérminée à la base des valeurs moyennes de deux heures. L'apparition précoce du maximum d'écoulement journalier en fin d'été est probablement due à la diminution du retardement de l'écoulement en cette période. La relation entre le valeurs d'écoulement des limnigraphes de Steg-Hospiz et de Vent met en évidence une variation annuelle.

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Die für diesen Bericht erforderliche weitere Bearbeitung der Abflußdaten und die Fertigstellung des Manuskriptes wurde dem Verfasser im Rahmen seiner Tätigkeit bei der Kommission für Glaziologie an der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften ermöglicht, wofür an dieser Stelle gedankt sei.  相似文献   

Geohazards surveys in the North Carolina upper continental margin     

Harold D. Palmer 《Geo-Marine Letters》1982,2(3-4):185-190

Geophysical surveys on the upper continental slope and shelf-break area off North Carolina confirm previous suggestions that this highly dissected region is characterized by deposition of sediment swept from the adjacent shelf. Seismic reflection profiling, echo sounding and side-scan sonar studies failed to reveal conclusive evidence for slumping or other gravity processes which have been described for similar areas to the north. Outcrops appear to be lacking and the upper slope is a region of sediment accumulation and/or periodic bypassing.  相似文献   

Standardizing sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria) long-line survey abundance indices by modeling the log-ratio of paired comparative fishing cpues     

Kimura  Daniel K.; Zenger  Harold H.  Jr 《ICES Journal of Marine Science》1997,54(1):48-59

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Physical and biological conditions and processes in the northeast Pacific Ocean     

Harold P. Batchelder  Thomas M. Powell 《Progress in Oceanography》2002,53(2-4)

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Flows around sunspots and pores     

Haimin Wang  Harold Zirin 《Solar physics》1992,140(1):41-54

We report on three sequences of high-resolution white-light and magnetogram observations obtained in the summer of 1989. The duration of sub-arcsecond seeing was three to four hours on each day. Study of the white-light and magnetogram data yields the following results:

1. For all but one of the sunspots we have observed, both dark fibrils and bright grains in the inner part of the penumbra of sunspots move toward the umbra with a speed of about 0.5 km s^-1. In the outer part of the penumbra, movement is away from the umbra. The one exception is a newly formed spot, which has inflow only in its penumbra.
2. Granular flows converge toward almost every pore, even before its formation. Pores are observed to form by the concentration of magnetic flux already existing in the photosphere. The pores (or small sunspots), in turn, then move and concentrate to form bigger sunspot.
3. We followed an emerging flux region (EFR) from 29 to 31 July, 1989 that was composed of a large number of bipoles with magnetic polarities mixed over a large area in the first day of its birth. As time went on, polarities sorted out: the leading polarity elements moved in one direction; the following, the opposite. During the process a large number of cancellations occurred, with some sub-flares and surges observed simultaneously. After about 24 hours, the positive and negative fluxes were essentially separated.
4. We find two kinds of photospheric dark alignments in the region of new flux emergence: (a) alignments connecting two poles of opposite magnetic polarity form the tops of rising flux tubes; (b) alignments corresponding to the magnetic flux of one polarity, which we call elongated pores.

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