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1.
Dr. Ulrike Barth-Wirsching Dr. H. Höller Dr. D. Klammer Dr. B. Konrad 《Mineralogy and Petrology》1993,48(2-4):275-294
Summary The starting material used was expanded perlite with a grain size < 40 m (74.5 wt.% SiO2; 12.5 wt.% Al2O3). This material is a waste product obtained during the production of expanded perlite. The experiments were carried out with KOH solutions, mixtures of KOH and NaOH solutions (1:1) as well as NaOH solutions in the concentration range 0.5 N to 6.0 N at temperatures of between 100° and 140°C and with reaction periods of 2 hours to 13 days in closed system. In the experiments with KOH containing solutions zeolite ZK-19 (phillipsite), W (merlinoite), G (chabazite) and F (edingtonite) formed. Without addition of aluminium high percentages of zeolite ZK-19 (80–100 wt.%) and zeolite W (90–100 wt.%) were obtained. The addition of aluminium rendered possibly the formation of 90 to 100 wt.% of zeolite G and 85 to 100 wt.% of zeolite F, respectively. In the experiments with NaOH solutions analcime, zeolite Na-Pc (gismondine), zeolite HS (sodalite hydrate) and zeolite A formed. High percentages of zeolite Na-Pc (90–100 wt.%), zeolite HS (up to 100 wt.%) and analcime (up to 100 wt.%) were synthesized without addition of aluminium. The formation of high percentages of zeolite A (95–100 wt.%), however, needs the addition of aluminium, NaCI and seed crystals. The temperature stability of the zeolites decreases in the following sequence: K-F > K-W K-ZK-19 (Na), K-W Na, K-F Gsi-rich (Na), K-ZK-19 >> Na-Pc Gsi-poor. Zeolite A has a very good temperature stability up to temperatures of } 550 °C similar to that of zeolite K-W. At higher temperatures, however, its stability is very poor. The NH4
+-exchange capacities (meq/g) of the different zeolites amount to the following values: ZK-19:2.8 - 3.2; W:3.0 - 3.2; G:2.3 - 3.6; A:3.1 - 3.2; Na-Pc:3.5 - 3.6; F : 3.9 - 4.8.
With 2 Figures 相似文献
Zeolithsynthese aus Blähperlit—Art, Bildungsbedingungen und Eigenschaften
Zusammenfassung Ausgangsmaterial der experimentellen Untersuchungen war Blähperlit mit einer Korngröße < 40 ,m (74,5 Gew.-% SiO2; 12,5 Gew.-% Al2O3). Dieses Material ist ein Abfallprodukt, das bei der Produktion von Blähperlit anfällt. Die Experimente wurden mit KOH-Lösungen, Lösungsgemischen aus KOH und NaOH (1:1) sowie mit NaOH-Losungen im Konzentrationsbereich 0,5 n-6,0 n bei Temperaturen von 100° – 140°C und über Reaktionszeiten von 2 Stunden bis zu 13 Tagen im geschlossenen System durchgeführt. In den Experimenten mit KOH-hältigen Lösungen bildeten sich die Zeolithe ZK-19 (Phillipsit), W (Merlinoit), G (Chabasit) und F (Edingtonit). Hohe Prozentgehalte an Zeolith ZK-19 (80 – 100 Gew.-%) und Zeolith W (90–100 Gew.-%) entstehen nur ohne Zugabe von Aluminium. Die Bildung von 90–100 Gew.-% Zeolith G bzw. 85–100 Gew. % Zeolith F ist dagegen durch die Zugabe von Aluminium möglich. In den Experimenten mit NaOH-Lösungen bildeten sich die Zeolithe Analcim, Na-Pc (Gismondin), HS (Sodalithhydrat) und Zeolith A. Hohe Prozentanteile an Zeolith Na-Pc (90–100 Gew.-%), HS (bis zu 100 Gew. %) und Analcim (bis zu 100 Gew.-%) wurden ohne Aluminium-Zugabe synthetisiert. Die Bildung von hohen Gehalten an Zeolith A (95–100 Gew. %) ist jedoch nur unter Zugabe von Aluminium, NaCl und Kristallkeimen möglich.Die Temperaturbeständigkeit der Zeolithe nimmt in der folgenden Reihenfolge ab: K-F > K-W - K-ZK-19 (Na), K-W Na, K-F Gsi-reich (Na), K-ZK-19 >> Na-Pc Gsi-am. Zeolith A weist bis zu Temperaturen von etwa 550°C eine gute Temperaturbeständigkeit auf, die in etwa der von Zeolith K-W entspricht. Bei höheren Temperaturen ist die Beständigkeit jedoch sehr gering.Die NH4+-Austauschkapazitäten (mÄqu/g) der verschiedenen Zeolithe erreichen folgende Werte: ZK-19:2,8 - 3,2; W:3,0 - 3,2; G:2,3 - 3,6; A:3,1 - 3,2; Na-Pc:3,5 -3,6; F:3,9 - 4,8.
With 2 Figures 相似文献
2.
F. Marra C. Freda P. Scarlato J. Taddeucci D. B. Karner P. R. Renne M. Gaeta D. M. Palladino R. Trigila G. Cavarretta 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2003,65(4):227-247
We present 24 40Ar/39Ar ages for the youngest volcanic products from the Alban Hills volcanic district (Rome). Combined with petrological data
on these products, we have attempted to define the chronology of the most recent phase of activity and to investigate the
magma evolution of this volcanic district. The early, mainly explosive activity of the Alban Hills spanned the interval from
561±1 to 351±3 ka. After approximately 50-kyr of dormancy, a mainly effusive phase of activity took place, accompanied by
the strombolian activity of a small central edifice (Monte delle Faete). This second phase of activity spanned the interval
308±2 to 250±1 ka. After another dormancy period of approximately 50-kyr, a new, hydromagmatic phase of activity started at
200 ka at several centers located to the southwest of the Monte delle Faete edifice. After an initial recurrence period of
approximately 50-kyr, which also characterized this new phase of activity, the longest dormancy period (approximately 80-kyr)
in the history of the volcanic district preceded the start of the activity of the Albano and Giuturna centers at 70±1 ka.
Results of our study suggest a quasi-continuous magmatic activity feeding hydromagmatic centers with a new acme of volcanism
since around 70 ka. Based on data presented in this paper, we argue that the Alban Hills should not be considered an extinct
volcanic district and a detailed re-assessment of the volcanic hazard for the area of Rome is in order.
Published online: 4 April 2003
Editorial responsibility: J. Donnelly-Nolan 相似文献
3.
4.
5.
Rolf Zimmermann Konrad Hammerschmidt Gerhard Franz 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1994,117(2):175-186
The40Ar-39Ar degassing spectra of white micas and amphiboles from three tectonic units of the central Tauern Window (Pennine basement and cover in the Eastern Alps) have been measured. White micas are classified as (1) pre-Alpine low-Si relic micas with an age value of 292 Ma, variously disturbed by the Alpine metamorphism; (2) Alpine phengitic micas of variable composition with an age between 32 and 36 Ma; (3) Alpine low-Si micas with a maximum age of 27 Ma. We attribute the higher Alpine ages to a blueschist facies event, whereas the lower age reflects the late cooling of the nappe pile. Blueschist facies phengites from the basement (Lower Schieferhülle) and the tectonic cover (Upper Schieferhülle) crystallized at a temperature below the closure temperature (T
c) for argon diffusion in white mica and record ages of 32 to 36 Ma. At the same time a thin, eclogite facies unit (Eclogite Zone) was thrust between the Lower and the Upper Schieferhülle and cooled from eclogite facies conditions at about 600°C at 20 kbar to blueschist facies conditions at 450°C or even 300°C at >10 kbar. Eclogite facies phengites closed for argon diffusion and record cooling ages, coinciding with the crystallization ages in the hanging and the footwall unit. Amphibole age spectra (actinolite, glaucophane, barroisite) are not interpretable in terms of geologically meaningful ages because of excess argon. 相似文献
6.
A synoptic climatology of warm season heavy rainfall is developed from patterns of 850 mb thermal advection over the Appalachian region. Heavy rain events are categorized according to the position and orientation of a warm air advection (WAA) ridge, a feature found in nearly two-thirds of the events. Numerous study events occur within the conditionally unstable region of the WAA ridge. In fact, numerous occurrences of heavy rainfall are tied to a superpositioning of a WAA and air mass instability ridge in the vicinity or upstream of the heavy rain area. 相似文献
7.
Konrad Cehak 《Climatic change》1982,4(3):297-311
A Markov-chain model is fitted to the series of winter-strength parameters of five stations in the upper Danube Region. The
validity of the model is tested by an appropriate Gaussian test-statistic. Having calculated the matrices of transition probabilities,
boundaries for them are derived from the theory of Markov-chains as well as means of the first transition times with their
standard deviations; further, forecasts are derived for the next but one winter. As in all cases the standard deviations for
prognostic values are rather large one should be very careful in making annual forecasts, which is also demonstrated by a
testforecast. 相似文献
8.
9.
Lukas Zebedin Andreas Klaus Barbara Gruber-Geymayer Konrad Karner 《ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing》2006,60(6):413
This paper describes the fusion of information extracted from multispectral digital aerial images for highly automatic 3D map generation. The proposed approach integrates spectral classification and 3D reconstruction techniques. The multispectral digital aerial images consist of a high resolution panchromatic channel as well as lower resolution RGB and near infrared (NIR) channels and form the basis for information extraction.Our land use classification is a 2-step approach that uses RGB and NIR images for an initial classification and the panchromatic images as well as a digital surface model (DSM) for a refined classification. The DSM is generated from the high resolution panchromatic images of a specific photo mission. Based on the aerial triangulation using area and feature-based points of interest the algorithms are able to generate a dense DSM by a dense image matching procedure. Afterwards a true ortho image for classification, panchromatic or color input images can be computed.In a last step specific layers for buildings and vegetation are generated and the classification is updated. 相似文献
10.
Carmela Freda Mario Gaeta Daniel B. Karner Fabrizio Marra Paul R. Renne Jacopo Taddeucci Piergiorgio Scarlato John N. Christensen Luigi Dallai 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2006,68(6):567-591
A comprehensive volcanological study of the Albano multiple maar (Alban Hills, Italy) using (i) 40Ar/39Ar geochronology of the most complete stratigraphic section and other proximal and distal outcrops and (ii) petrographic observations,
phase analyses of major and trace elements, and Sr and O isotopic analyses of the pyroclastic deposits shows that volcanic
activity at Albano was strongly discontinuous, with a first eruptive cycle at 69±1 ka producing at least two eruptions, and
a second cycle with two peaks at 39±1 and 36±1 ka producing at least four eruptions. Contrary to previous studies, we did
not find evidence of magmatic or hydromagmatic eruptions younger than 36±1 ka. The activity of Albano was fed by a new batch
of primary magma compositionally different from that of the older activity of the Alban Hills; moreover, the REE and 87Sr/86Sr data indicate that the Albano magma originated from an enriched metasomatized mantle. According to the modeled liquid line
of descent, this magma differentiated under the influence of magma/limestone wall rock interaction. Our detailed eruptive
and petrologic reconstruction of the Albano Maar evolution substantiates the dormant state of the Alban Hills Volcanic District.
Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available for this article at
Editorial responsibility: J. Donnelly-Nolan
An erratum to this article can be found at 相似文献