The Cloud Ice Mountain Experiment (CIME) 1998: experiment overview and modelling of the microphysical processes during the seeding by isentropic gas expansion     

Wolfram Wobrock  Andrea I. Flossmann  Marie Monier  Jean-Marc Pichon  Laurent Cortez  Jean-Franois Fournol  Alfons Schwarzenbck  Stephan Mertes  Jost Heintzenberg  Paolo Laj  Giordano Orsi  Loretta Ricci  Sandro Fuzzi  Harry Ten Brink  Piet Jongejan  Ren Otjes 《Atmospheric Research》2001,58(4):7907

The second field campaign of the Cloud Ice Mountain Experiment (CIME) project took place in February 1998 on the mountain Puy de Dôme in the centre of France. The content of residual aerosol particles, of H₂O₂ and NH₃ in cloud droplets was evaluated by evaporating the drops larger than 5 μm in a Counterflow Virtual Impactor (CVI) and by measuring the residual particle concentration and the released gas content. The same trace species were studied behind a round jet impactor for the complementary interstitial aerosol particles smaller than 5 μm diameter. In a second step of experiments, the ambient supercooled cloud was converted to a mixed phase cloud by seeding the cloud with ice particles by the gas release from pressurised gas bottles. A comparison between the physical and chemical characteristics of liquid drops and ice particles allows a study of the fate of the trace constituents during the presence of ice crystals in the cloud.In the present paper, an overview is given of the CIME 98 experiment and the instrumentation deployed. The meteorological situation during the experiment was analysed with the help of a cloud scale model. The microphysics processes and the behaviour of the scavenged aerosol particles before and during seeding are analysed with the detailed microphysical model ExMix. The simulation results agreed well with the observations and confirmed the assumption that the Bergeron–Findeisen process was dominating during seeding and was influencing the partitioning of aerosol particles between drops and ice crystals. The results of the CIME 98 experiment give an insight on microphysical changes, redistribution of aerosol particles and cloud chemistry during the Bergeron–Findeisen process when acting also in natural clouds.  相似文献   

Behaviour of H₂O₂, NH₃, and black carbon in mixed-phase clouds during CIME     

Paolo Laj  Andrea I. Flossmann  Wolfram Wobrock  Sandro Fuzzi  Giordano Orsi  Loretta Ricci  Stephan Mertes  Alfons Schwarzenbck  Jost Heintzenberg  Harry Ten Brink 《Atmospheric Research》2001,58(4):256

We investigated the partitioning of trace substances during the phase transition from supercooled to mixed-phase cloud induced by artificial seeding. Simultaneous determination of the concentrations of H₂O₂, NH₃ and black carbon (BC) in both condensed and interstitial phases with high time resolution showed that the three species undergo different behaviour in the presence of a mixture of ice crystals and supercooled droplets. Both H₂O₂ and NH₃ are efficiently scavenged by growing ice crystals, whereas BC stayed predominantly in the interstitial phase. In addition, the scavenging of H₂O₂ is driven by co-condensation with water vapour onto ice crystals while NH₃ uptake into the ice phase is more efficient than co-condensation alone. The high solubility of NH₄⁺ in the ice could explain this result. Finally, it appears that the H₂O₂–SO₂ reaction is very slow in the ice phase with respect to the liquid phase. Our results are directly applicable for clouds undergoing limited riming.  相似文献   

Differences in grain growth of calcite: a field-based modeling approach     

Marco?HerweghEmail author  Alfons?Berger 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2003,145(5):600-611

Normal grain growth of calcite was investigated by combining grain size analysis of calcite across the contact aureole of the Adamello pluton, and grain growth modeling based on a thermal model of the surroundings of the pluton. In an unbiased model system, i.e., location dependent variations in temperature-time path, 2/3 and 1/3 of grain growth occurs during pro- and retrograde metamorphism at all locations, respectively. In contrast to this idealized situation, in the field example three groups can be distinguished, which are characterized by variations in their grain size versus temperature relationships: Group I occurs at low temperatures and the grain size remains constant because nano-scale second phase particles of organic origin inhibit grain growth in the calcite aggregates under these conditions. In the presence of an aqueous fluid, these second phases decay at a temperature of about 350 °C enabling the onset of grain growth in calcite. In the following growth period, fluid-enhanced group II and slower group III growth occurs. For group II a continuous and intense grain size increase with T is typical while the grain growth decreases with T for group III. None of the observed trends correlate with experimentally based grain growth kinetics, probably due to differences between nature and experiment which have not yet been investigated (e.g., porosity, second phases). Therefore, grain growth modeling was used to iteratively improve the correlation between measured and modeled grain sizes by optimizing activation energy (Q), pre-exponential factor (k₀) and grain size exponent (n). For n=2, Q of 350 kJ/mol, k₀ of 1.7×10²¹ mⁿs^–1 and Q of 35 kJ/mol, k₀ of 2.5×10^-5 mⁿs^–1 were obtained for group II and III, respectively. With respect to future work, field-data based grain growth modeling might be a promising tool for investigating the influences of secondary effects like porosity and second phases on grain growth in nature, and to unravel differences between nature and experiment.Editorial responsibility: J. Hoefs  相似文献   

Die Gasvakuolen der BlaualgeMicrocystis aeruginosa     

Dr. Michael Jost  Dr. Alfons Zehnder 《Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries》1966,28(1):1-3

Zusammenfassung Lichtoptisch sind inMicrocystis aeruginosa Zellen mit und ohne Gasvakuolen vorhanden. Dieses Ph?nomen kann erkl?rt werden durch die Abbildungsverh?ltnisse der gasgefüllten, submikroskopischen Elemente der Gasvakuolen, der Hohlspindeln, die mehr oder weniger geh?uft auftreten und dadurch das Vorkommen verschiedener Zelltypen vort?uschen.

---

Summary Cells ofMicrocystis aeruginosa have been investigated by light- and electron-microscopy. In the light-microscope cells with and without gas vacuoles are observed. This fact can be confirmed by submicroscopic findings.

---

Résumé En observantMicrocystis aeruginosa avec le microscope photonique on voit des cellules avec et sans vacuoles gazeuses. Ce fait s'explique par les observations submicroscopiques.

  相似文献   

Zur Resistenz von Blaualgen gegen kurzwellige Strahlung     

Dr. Alfons Zehnder  Beatrix Egli 《Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries》1977,39(2):167-177

Zusammenfassung 13 Klone von Blaualgen verschiedener taxonomischer Stellung (Chroococcales, Chamaesiphonales, Nostocales) und verschiedener ?kologischer Gruppen (Plankter, Litoralformen, Aerophyten schattiger und sonniger Standorte), wurden mit Gamma-und UV-Strahlen behandelt. Plankter erwiesen sich unabh?ngig von ihrer taxonomischen Stellung als wenig widerstandsf?hig: Die maximale Gammastrahlentoleranz betrug je nach Klon 65 bis 260 krad bei Bestrahlungszeiten von rund 10 bis 40 Minuten, die maximale UV_Strahlentoleranz belief sich (mit einer Ausnahme) unter unseren Versuchsbedingungen auf eine Bestrahlungszeit von 32 Minuten. Begleitbakterien tolerierten durchwegs h?here Strahlendosen. Dagegen erwiesen sich Aerophyten bzw. Lithophyten von Standorten mit extremem natürlichem Strahlungsklima auch im Experiment als sehr resistent. So überlebtenChamaesiphon polonicus undScytonema burmanicum siebenstündige Exposition in Gammastrahlen (totale Dosis 2500 krad) sowie vierstündige UV-Bestrahlung. Begleitbakterien überlebten zwar die UV-Behandlung, nicht aber die hohen Gammastrahlendosen. Behandlung mit Gammastrahlen eignet sich daher zur Gewinnung axenischer Kulturen von Cyanophyten extremer Naturstandorte. Mehrere Monate alte axenische Kulturen vonScytonema burmanicum und vonS. lyngbyoides riechen übel, w?hrend bakterienhaltige Kulturen geruchlos bleiben. Vermutlich bauen die Begleitbakterien von den Algen ausgeschiedene, übelriechende Stoffwechselprodukte zu geruchlosen Verbindungen ab.

---

Summary Thirteen strains of blue-green algae including members of the Chroococcales, Chamaesiphonales and Nostocales and belonging to various ecological groups have been exposed to various doses of gamma and UV radiation. Tolerances were independent of the taxonomic position but correlated with the ecological behaviour of the taxa involved. While planktonic species were quite sensitive to both UV and gamma radiation (maximum tolerance in the range of 65 to 260 krad) aerophytic and lithophytic species tolerated up to more than 2500 krad of gamma radiation and more than 4 hours of exposition to UV radiation. In cultures of planktonic species, gamma radiation killed the algae prior to the associated bacteria so that no axenic cultures could be obtained. In some cultures of aerophytic and lithophytic taxa however, bacteria were killed prior to the algae. Thus, axenic cultures of these strains could be obtained. Old axenic cultures ofScytonema burmanicum and ofS. lyngbyoides display a bad smell, whereas cultures with bacteria are odourless. Probably, the bacteria are reducing to odourless compounds the smelling substances excreted by the algae.

---

Résumé Treize souches cloniques de Cyanophycées d’eau douce appartenant aux ordres des Chroococcales, des Chamaesiphonales et des Nostocales et représentant divers types écologiques à savoir des formes du plancton et du littoral ainsi que des espèces saxicoles aériennes et subaériennes de habitats ombreux et fort ensoleillés ont été traité aux rayons et UV. Les espèces planctoniques se montraient peu résistantes, indépendemment de leur position taxonomique: Dans nos conditions, elles supportaient au maximum 32 minutes d’irradiation de rayons UV, et, selon la souche clonique, de 65 à 260 krad de rayons gamma. Les bactéries accompagnant les algues supportaient partout des doses d’irradiation plus élevées. Par contre, les espèces saxicoles provenant de stations aériennes ou subaériennes se montraient très résistantes.Chamaesiphon polonicus etScytonema burmanicum par exemple supportaient dans nos conditions une irradiation UV de 4 heures et une exposition aux rayons gamma de 6 heures (dose totale: 2500 krad). Les bactéries accompagnant ces espèces supportaient les rayons UV, mais non les rayons gamma. Le traitement avec des rayons gamma peut donc aboutir à des cultures axéniques de Cyanophycées d’habitats aériens ou subaériens. Les cultures axéniques deScytonema burmanicum et deS. lyngbyoides agées de quelques mois sentent mauvais, tandis que les cultures parallèles dont les algues sont accompagnées de bactéries restent sans odeur. Il semble que les bactéries décomposent les substances d’odeur désagréable produites par les deux espèces.

  相似文献   

On the consequences of a long-term perspective for coastal management     

Erik M. Horstman  Kathelijne M. Wijnberg  Alfons J. Smale  Suzanne J.M.H. Hulscher 《Ocean & Coastal Management》2009,52(12):593-611

The potential impacts of climate change on coastal zones combined with the ever increasing number of people living in these areas, motivate a more long-term perspective in coastal management. To explore whether such a perspective raises the need for developing coastal management strategies at larger spatial scales, this paper presents a case study for the dune-protected Holland coast. Long-term (200 years) coastal management strategies are set-up at different levels of spatial aggregation, accounting for specific characteristics of the coast itself and for types of land use in the hinterland. Using a combination of multi-criteria analysis and cost-benefit analysis the new coastal management strategies are compared to the long-term continuation of present coastal management practice. It appears that the large uncertainties that inevitably accompany a long-term perspective do not preclude the comparison of long-term coastal management strategies. Additionally, it appears that a long-term perspective favors solutions for coastal defense enhancement that are more spatially extended and alongshore uniform than those emerging from continuing today's coastal management practice for two centuries.  相似文献   

Does upward seepage of river water and storm water runoff determine water quality of urban drainage systems in lowland areas? A case study for the Rhine–Meuse delta     

Kim Vermonden  Marion A. A. Hermus  Marije van Weperen  Rob S. E. W. Leuven  Gerard van der Velde  Alfons J. P. Smolders  Jan G. M. Roelofs  A. Jan Hendriks 《水文研究》2009,23(21):3110-3120

The water quality of urban drainage ditches in lowlands in the Rhine‐Meuse delta was analysed with principal component analysis (PCA) during a dry period and a rain storm, and related to the seepage of polluted river water and effective impervious area (EIA). This was done in order to test the hypothesis that seepage of river water and storm water runoff from impervious areas strongly determine the water quality of urban drainage systems along large lowland rivers. Our analysis revealed that upward seepage of groundwater originating from rivers Rhine and Meuse was positively correlated with nitrate, potassium, sodium and chloride and negatively correlated with alkalinity, calcium, magnesium and iron. EIA was correlated with very few environmental variables (i.e. phosphate, pH and iron in the dry period and iron during the rain storm). Nickel and zinc concentrations generally exceeded the maximum allowable concentrations (MAC), while lead and phosphorus concentrations were just above the nutrient standards and MAC in a few locations during the rain storm. To optimize water quality in urban water systems, attention should be paid to all sources of pollution and not only to EIA. The impact of local groundwater seepage originating from large rivers in lowlands on the chemistry of urban water systems is often underestimated and should be taken into account when assessing water quality and improving water quality status. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

A new perspective on the significance of the Ranotsara shear zone in Madagascar     

Guido Schreurs  Jörg Giese  Alfons Berger  Edwin Gnos 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2010,99(8):1827-1847

The Ranotsara shear zone in Madagascar has been considered in previous studies to be a >350-km-long, intracrustal strike-slip shear zone of Precambrian/Cambrian age. Because of its oblique strike to the east and west coast of Madagascar, the Ranotsara shear zone has been correlated with shear zones in southern India and eastern Africa in Gondwana reconstructions. Our assessment using remote sensing data and field-based investigations, however, reveals that what previously has been interpreted as the Ranotsara shear zone is in fact a composite structure with a ductile deflection zone confined to its central segment and prominent NW–SE trending brittle faulting along most of its length. We therefore prefer the more neutral term “Ranotsara Zone”. Lithologies, tectonic foliations, and axial trace trajectories of major folds can be followed from south to north across most of the Ranotsara Zone and show only a marked deflection along its central segment. The ductile deflection zone is interpreted as a result of E–W indentation of the Antananarivo Block into the less rigid, predominantly metasedimentary rocks of the Southwestern Madagascar Block during a late phase of the Neoproterozoic/Cambrian East African Orogeny (c. 550–520 Ma). The Ranotsara Zone shows significant NW–SE striking brittle faulting that reactivates part of the NW–SE striking ductile structures in the flexure zone, but also extends along strike toward the NW and toward the SE. Brittle reactivation of ductile structures along the central segment of the Ranotsara Zone, confirmed by apatite-fission track results, may have led to the formation of a shallow Neogene basin underlying the Ranotsara plain. The present-day drainage pattern suggests on-going normal fault activity along the central segment. The Ranotsara Zone is not a megascale intracrustal strike-slip shear zone that crosscuts the entire basement of southern Madagascar. It can therefore not be used as a piercing point in Gondwana reconstructions.  相似文献   

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987114000395     

Alfons van den Kerkhof  Andreas Kronz  Klaus Simon 《地学前缘(英文版)》2014,5(5):683-695

The study of fluid inclusions in high-grade rocks is especially challenging as the host minerals have been normally subjected to deformation, recrystallization and fluid-rock interaction so that primary in- clusions, formed at the peak of metamorphism are rare. The larger part of the fluid inclusions found in metamorphic minerals is typically modified during uplift. These late processes may strongly disguise the characteristics of the ＂original＂ peak metamorphic fluid. A detailed microstructural analysis of the host minerals, notably quartz, is therefore indispensable for a proper interpretation of fluid inclusions. Cathodoluminescence （CL） techniques combined with trace element analysis of quartz （EPMA, LA- [CPMS） have shown to be very helpful in deciphering the rock-fluid evolution. Whereas high-grade metamorphic quartz may have relatively high contents of trace elements like Ti and A1, low- temperature re-equilibrated quartz typically shows reduced trace element concentrations. The result- ing microstructures in CL can be basically distinguished in diffusion patterns （along microfractures and grain boundaries）, and secondary quartz formed by dissolution-reprecipitation. Most of these textures are formed during retrograde fluid-controlled processes between ca. 220 and 500 ℃, i.e. the range of semi-brittle deformation （greenschist-facies） and can be correlated with the fluid inclusions. In this way modified and re-trapped fluids can be identified, even when there are no optical features observed under the microscope.  相似文献   

Mineralisation of amethyst-bearing geodes in Ametista do Sul (Brazil) from low-temperature sedimentary brines: evidence from monophase liquid inclusions and stable isotopes     

H. Albert Gilg  Yves Krüger  Heinrich Taubald  Alfons M. van den Kerkhof  Martin Frenz  Giulio Morteani 《Mineralium Deposita》2014,49(7):861-877

Fluid inclusion studies in combination with hydrogen, oxygen and sulphur isotope data provide novel insights into the genesis of giant amethyst-bearing geodes in Early Cretaceous Paraná continental flood basalts at Amestita do Sul, Brazil. Monophase liquid inclusions in colourless quartz, amethyst, calcite, barite and gypsum were analysed by microthermometry after stimulating bubble nucleation using single femtosecond laser pulses. The salinity of the fluid inclusions was determined from ice-melting temperatures and a combination of prograde and retrograde homogenisation temperatures via the density maximum of the aqueous solutions. Four mineralisation stages are distinguished. In stage I, celadonite, chalcedony and pyrite formed under reducing conditions in a thermally stable environment. Low δ³⁴S_V-CDT values of pyrite (?25 to ?32?‰) suggest biogenic sulphate reduction by organotrophic bacteria. During the subsequent stages II (amethyst, goethite and anhydrite), III (early subhedral calcite) and IV (barite, late subhedral calcite and gypsum), the oxidation state of the fluid changed towards more oxidising conditions and microbial sulphate reduction ceased. Three distinct modes of fluid salinities around 5.3, 3.4 and 0.3 wt% NaCl-equivalent characterise the mineralisation stages II, III and IV, respectively. The salinity of the stage I fluid is unknown due to lack of fluid inclusions. Variation in homogenisation temperatures and in δ¹⁸O values of amethyst show evidence of repeated pulses of ascending hydrothermal fluids of up to 80–90 °C infiltrating a basaltic host rock of less than 45 °C. Colourless quartz and amethyst formed at temperatures between 40 and 80 °C, while the different calcite generations and late gypsum precipitated at temperatures below 45 °C. Calculated oxygen isotope composition of the amethyst-precipitating fluid in combination with δD values of amethyst-hosted fluid inclusions (?59 to ?51?‰) show a significant ¹⁸O-shift from the meteoric water line. This ¹⁸O-shift, high salinities of the fluid inclusions with chloride-sulphate composition, and high δ³⁴S values of anhydrite and barite (7.5 to 9.9?‰) suggest that sedimentary brines from deeper parts of the Guaraní aquifer system must have been responsible for the amethyst mineralisation.  相似文献