排序方式： 共有13条查询结果，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
2.
3.
4.
Combined Trace Element and Pb-Nd-Sr-O Isotope Evidence for Recycled Oceanic Crust (Upper and Lower) in the Iceland Mantle Plume 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
KOKFELT THOMAS FIND; HOERNLE KAJ; HAUFF FOLKMAR; FIEBIG JENS; WERNER REINHARD; GARBE-SCHONBERG DIETER 《Journal of Petrology》2006,47(9):1705-1749
We present the results of a comprehensive major element, traceelement and Sr–Nd–Pb–O isotopic study of post-glacialvolcanic rocks from the Neovolcanic zones on Iceland. The rocksstudied range in composition from picrites and tholeiites, whichdominate in the main rift systems, to transitional and alkalicbasalts confined to the off-rift and propagating rift systems.There are good correlations of rock types with geochemical enrichmentparameters, such as La/Sm and La/Yb ratios, and with long-termradiogenic tracers, such as Sr–Nd–Pb isotope ratios,indicating a long-lived enrichment/depletion history of thesource region. 87Sr/86Sr vs 143Nd/144Nd defines a negative array.Pb isotopes define well-correlated positive arrays on both 206Pb/204Pbvs 207Pb/204Pb and 208Pb/204Pb diagrams, indicating mixing ofat least two major components: an enriched component representedby the alkali basalts and a depleted component represented bythe picrites. In combined Sr–Nd–Pb isotopic spacethe individual rift systems define coherent mixing arrays withslightly different compositions. The enriched component hasradiogenic Pb (206Pb/204Pb > 19·3) and very similargeochemistry to HIMU-type ocean island basalts (OIB). We ascribethis endmember to recycling of hydrothermally altered upperbasaltic oceanic crust. The depleted component that is sampledby the picrites has unradiogenic Pb (206Pb/204Pb < 17·8),but geochemical signatures distinct from that of normal mid-oceanridge basalt (N-MORB). Highly depleted tholeiites and picriteshave positive anomalies in mantle-normalized trace element diagramsfor Ba, Sr, and Eu (and in some cases also for K, Ti and P),negative anomalies for Hf and Zr, and low 18Oolivine values(4·6–5·0) below the normal mantle range.All of these features are internally correlated, and we, therefore,interpret them to reflect source characteristics and attributethem to recycled lower gabbroic oceanic crust. Regional compositionaldifferences exist for the depleted component. In SW Icelandit has distinctly higher Nb/U (68) and more radiogenic 206Pb/204Pbratios (18·28–18·88) compared with the NErift (Nb/U 47; 206Pb/204Pb = 18·07–18·47).These geochemical differences suggest that different packagesof recycled oceanic lithosphere exist beneath each rift. A thirdand minor component with relatively high 87Sr/86Sr and 207Pb/204Pbis found in a single volcano in SE Iceland (Öræfajökullvolcano), indicating the involvement of recycled sediments inthe source locally. The three plume components form an integralpart of ancient recycled oceanic lithosphere. The slope in theuranogenic Pb diagram indicates a recycling age of about 1·5Ga with time-integrated Th/U ratios of 3·01. Surprisingly,there is little evidence for the involvement of North AtlanticN-MORB source mantle, as would be expected from the interactionof the Iceland plume and the surrounding asthenosphere in formof plume–ridge interaction. The preferential samplingof the enriched and depleted components in the off-rift andmain rift systems, respectively, can be explained by differencesin the geometry of the melting regions. In the off-rift areas,melting columns are truncated deeper and thus are shorter, whichleads to preferential melting of the enriched component, asthis starts melting deeper than the depleted component. In contrast,melting proceeds to shallower depths beneath the main rifts.The longer melting columns also produce significant amountsof melt from the more refractory (lower crustal/lithospheric)component. KEY WORDS: basalts; trace element and Sr, Nd, Pb, O isotope geochemistry; Iceland plume; isotope ratios; oceanic crustal recycling; partial melting; plume–ridge interaction 相似文献
5.
CHANGYIN ZHAO C. K. SHUM YUCHAN YI SHENGJIE GE DIETER BILITZA PHILIP CALLAHAN 《Marine Geodesy》2013,36(3-4):729-739
We conducted an assessment of the TOPEX dual-frequency nadir ionosphere observations in the TOPEX/Poseidon (T/P) GDR by comparing TOPEX with the Center for Orbit Determination in Europe (CODE) Global Ionosphere Map (GIM), the climatological model IRI2001, and the DORIS (onboard T/P) relative ionosphere delays. We investigated the TOPEX (TOPEX Side A and TOPEX Side B altimeters, TSA and TSB, respectively) ionosphere observations for the time period 1995–2001, covering periods of low, intermediate, and high solar activity. Here, we use absolute path delays (at Ku-band frequency of the TOPEX altimeter and with positive signs) rather than Total Electron Content (TEC). We found significant biases between GIM and TOPEX (GIM–TOPEX) nadir ionosphere path delays: ?8.1 ± 0.4 {mm} formal uncertainties and equivalent to 3.7 TECu) and ?9.0 ± 0.7 {mm} (4.1 TECu) for TSA and TSB, respectively, indicating that the TOPEX path delay is longer (or with higher TECu) than GIM. The estimated relative biases vary with latitude and with daytime or nighttime passes. The estimated biases in the path delays (DORIS–TOPEX) are: ?10.9 ± 0.4 {mm} (5.0 TECu) and ?14.8 ± 0.6 {mm} (6.7 TECu), for TSA and TSB, respectively. There is a distinct jump of the DORIS path delays (?3.9 ± 0.7 {mm}, TSA delays longer than TSB delays) at the TSB altimeter switch in February 1999, presumably due to inconsistent DORIS processing. The origin of the bias between GIM (GPS, L-band) and TOPEX (radar altimeter, Ku-band) is currently unknown and warrants further investigation. Finally, the estimated drift rates between GIM and TSA, DORIS and TSA ionosphere path delays for the 6-year study span are ?0.4 mm/yr and ?0.8 mm/yr, respectively, providing a possible error bound for the TOPEX/Poseidon sea level observations during periods of low and intermediate solar activity. 相似文献
6.
A piston core from the basinal part (depth of 5188 m) of the South Shetland Trench (West Antarctica) yielded a terrigenous mud section 11 m long, which can be subdivided with great precision into turbidite and hemipelagite layers. Mud turbidites (mean bed thickness = 44 cm) alternate regularly with, and are best distinguishable from, their hemipelagite host (mean bed thickness = 17 cm) by the following features: (i) sharp basal contacts; (ii) terrigenous sand-free textures (except basal, well-sorted silt laminae) and the absence of outsized (ice-rafted) components; (iii) a laminated, little to non-bioturbated internal structure; (iv) distinct textural and compositional grading; and (v) marked steps on water-content and sediment-density logs. Mud turbidites recovered from the South Shetland Trench differ from an earlier model mud-turbidite sequence by their: (i) excessive (about six times larger) bed thickness; (ii) complex internal organization, manifested in multiple repetitions (up to four) of the same structural interval(s) in sequential or nonsequential order; (iii) distinctive very fine-grained cap of highly porous clay, rich in fragments of siliceous biogenics; (iv) widespread zones of penesyndepositional deformation; and (v) evidence of flow reversals. These features are interpreted to record deposition from large, muddy turbidity currents subjected to flow transformations, including soliton- and/or seiche-related reversals, induced by ponding and interactions of the flow with the topographical confinements of the trench. It is concluded that‘contained’muddy turbidites cannot be adequately modelled using published sequences. Differentiation of single-model and‘contained’mud turbidites offers obvious advantages in basin analysis and in understanding the plethora of turbidity current-related depositional mechanisms of deep-sea mud. 相似文献
7.
Résumé Nous examinons ici le phénomène très complexe de l'érosion hydrique de bassins versants. L'approche adoptée consiste d'une part à quantifier l'érosion à plusieurs échelles spatiales, au sens de la méthode Wischmeier, de la simulation de pluies sur 1 et 87 m2, de micro-bassins expérimentaux, de retenues collinaires et d'un barrage en exploitation, et d'autre part à rechercher un modèle régressif pouvant expliquer la relation débit solide-débit liquide pour les différentes formes d'érosion. Une zone de marnes du bassin de la Mina en Algérie, productive en sédiments pour un barrage en aval et représentant le cinquième de la surface, a constitué la zone expérimentale. Les résultats montrent que, vu la complexité des facteurs mis enjeu, il est quasiment impossible d'extrapoler à différentes échelles. Le modèle puissance caractérise la relation débit solide-débit liquide, quelle que soit l'échelle spatiale considérée. 相似文献
8.
The partitioning of the total sediment load of a river into suspended load and bedload: a review of empirical data 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The partitioning of the total sediment load of a river into suspended load and bedload is an important problem in fluvial geomorphology, sedimentation engineering and sedimentology. Bedload transport rates are notoriously hard to measure and, at many sites, only suspended load data are available. Often the bedload fraction is estimated with ‘rule of thumb’ methods such as Maddock’s Table, which are inadequately field‐tested. Here, the partitioning of sediment load for the Pitzbach is discussed, an Austrian mountain stream for which high temporal resolution data on both bedload and suspended load are available. The available data show large scatter on all scales. The fraction of the total load transported in suspension may vary between zero and one at the Pitzbach, while its average decreases with rising discharge (i.e. bedload transport is more important during floods). Existing data on short‐term and long‐term partitioning is reviewed and an empirical equation to estimate bedload transport rates from measured suspended load transport rates is suggested. The partitioning averaged over a flood can vary strongly from event to event. Similar variations may occur in the year‐to‐year averages. Using published simultaneous short‐term field measurements of bedload and suspended load transport rates, Maddock’s Table is reviewed and updated. Long‐term average partitioning could be a function of the catchment geology, the fraction of the catchment covered by glaciers and the extent of forest, but the available data are insufficient to draw final conclusions. At a given drainage area, scatter is large, but the data show a minimal fraction of sediment transported in suspended load, which increases with increasing drainage area and with decreasing rock strength for gravel‐bed rivers, whereby in large catchments the bedload fraction is insignificant at ca 1%. For sand‐bed rivers, the bedload fraction may be substantial (30% to 50%) even for large catchments. However, available data are scarce and of varying quality. Long‐term partitioning varies widely among catchments and the available data are currently not sufficient to discriminate control parameters effectively. 相似文献
9.
Résumé En zones semi-arides, l'irrégularité temporelle des écoulements pose de sérieux problèmes aux ingénieurs chargés d'évaluer le transport solide dans les bassins versants. Ainsi, pour décider d'une méthodologie d'estimation de l'érosion spécifique, les écoulements au droit de deux stations hydrométriques contrôlant des sous-bassins adjacents sont examinés, dont les apports se rejoignent à quelques kilomètres à l'aval, dans un barrage en exploitation. Vingt deux années de mesures de concentrations en éléments fins en suspension (1973/74-1994/95) sont étudiées; l'approche statistique consiste à les homogénéiser par la recherche d'un modèle régressif significatif reliant le débit solide au débit liquide, à différentes échelles temporelles, permettant ainsi de quantifier d'une part l'érosion et de dégager d'autre part la saison productive en sédiments. L'approche mensuelle avec un modèle en loi de puissance reste la plus significative, expliquant en moyenne 80% de la variation totale. L'automne constitue une saison particulièrement productive en sédiments, véhiculant en moyenne plus de 50% de l'apport solide moyen interannuel. 相似文献
10.
Successive aeolian saltation: studies of idealized collisions 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
DIETER A. RUMPEL 《Sedimentology》1985,32(2):267-280
As observed by Bagnold and experimentally reconfirmed by other workers, the impact angles of saltating grains are remarkably constant over a wide range of conditions, lying between 10° and 16°. It can be shown that successive saltation contains a mechanism which very effectively confines impact angles to that range. This control mechanism is most effective at windspeeds less than about 15–30 m s-1, depending on grain diameter and mass. The control mechanism is evaluated from model calculations of grain populations saltating over a level bed consisting of a layer of loose grains. The grains are assumed to be spherical and uniform in size and mass, also rigid and perfectly elastic. The model also describes distributions of maximum height of grain paths and of lift-off-angles. Compared to other processes involved in aeolian saltation, successive saltation is the only process with a high probability of transferring energy from horizontal into vertical grain movement. This fact, together with the calculations presented, strongly suggests that successive saltation plays a major role in saltation in air. Successive saltation of uniform grains is theoretically impossible if the ground over which saltation occurs is tilted by about 15° against wind direction. Values of tilt angles in this range are observed in nature as stoss-side angles of dunes and ripples, leading to the concept that stoss-sides are tilted up by deposition until successive saltation is subdued. 相似文献