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This article discusses the involvement of older women and men in voluntary work in rural communities in the Netherlands. Gender,
ageing and civil society form the core concepts in the article. Politicians and policy makers in the Netherlands are worried
about the perceived decline of civil society and about the consequences of this decline for specific categories of older women
in terms of well-being and social exclusion. The paper presents the results of two surveys of involvement of older women and
men in civic organisations, voluntary work and local actions. The surveys indicate high levels of involvement of both women
and men. No gender differences are found in activity level. However, the data demonstrate the gendered nature of civil society.
Women are more engaged in informal voluntary work and informal local actions, while men are more active in formal organisations
and functions. This gender segmentation is not absolute, however. Many older women and men transgress the traditional feminine–masculine
boundaries. The surveys highlight the involvement of women and men in rural communities, but indicate lower activity levels
in urban areas. 相似文献
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Fractional abundances of stratospheric negative ions are for the first time explicitly reported. The measurements made by balloon-borne ion mass spectrometers also rely on recent studies of electric field induced collisional dissociation of negative cluster ions conducted at our laboratory. These indicate that the negative ion composition measurements around 36 km conducted by our group do not suffer from any significant dissociation. The new composition data support ion identifications NO3?(HNO3)b and HSO4?(H2SO4)c(HNO3)d and the underlying ion reactions propo previously. Moreover, it is found that HSO4?(H2SO4)g-ions appear to be particularly stable and that H2SO4-association is very fast. Implications of the ion composition data for ion processes are discussed. 相似文献
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Joos Cadisch 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1932,23(5):241-257
Ohne Zusammenfassung 相似文献
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Climate is simulated for reference and mitigation emissions scenarios from Integrated Assessment Models using the Bern2.5CC
carbon cycle–climate model. Mitigation options encompass all major radiative forcing agents. Temperature change is attributed
to forcings using an impulse–response substitute of Bern2.5CC. The contribution of CO2 to global warming increases over the century in all scenarios. Non-CO2 mitigation measures add to the abatement of global warming. The share of mitigation carried by CO2, however, increases when radiative forcing targets are lowered, and increases after 2000 in all mitigation scenarios. Thus,
non-CO2 mitigation is limited and net CO2 emissions must eventually subside. Mitigation rapidly reduces the sulfate aerosol loading and associated cooling, partly
masking Greenhouse Gas mitigation over the coming decades. A profound effect of mitigation on CO2 concentration, radiative forcing, temperatures and the rate of climate change emerges in the second half of the century. 相似文献
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We present Monte Carlo simulations for the polarization of light reflected from planetary atmospheres. We investigate dependencies of intensity and polarization on three main parameters: single scattering albedo, optical depth of a scattering layer, and albedo of a Lambert surface underneath. The main scattering process considered is Rayleigh scattering, but isotropic scattering and enhanced forward scattering on haze particles are also investigated. We discuss disk integrated results for all phase angles and radial profiles of the limb polarization at opposition. These results are useful to interpret available limb polarization measurements of solar system planets and to predict the polarization of extra-solar planets as a preparation for VLT/SPHERE. Most favorable for a detection are planets with an optically thick Rayleigh-scattering layer. The limb polarization of Uranus and Neptune is especially sensitive to the vertically stratified methane mixing ratio. From limb polarization measurements constraints on the polarization at large phase angles can be set. 相似文献
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This article addresses the importance and meanings of formal and informal social support relationships and neighbourhood ties for older adults ‘ageing in place’ in urban neighbourhoods in two different welfare state settings: Portland (Oregon, the United States) and Amsterdam (the Netherlands). The rising number of people growing old(er) in urban environments raises new demands and pressing challenges for urban development. The majority of older adults are and will be ageing in their homes and communities, as opposed to institutionalized care facilities and settings. At the same time, the provision of formal and public care is being increasingly challenged by government cutbacks. On top of this, the formerly strong welfare states in many European countries have weakened. In-depth interviews with 40 older adults and key informants in two neighbourhoods in each city provide the empirical basis for this study. In Portland, there are widespread local civic initiatives related to care provision for older adults. The city has a long tradition both of individual responsibility and community culture, which has emerged from and appears to compensate for the overall lack of state services and support. Amsterdam has a long tradition of state provision, but is experiencing a policy shift towards a stronger reliance on private market-led services, and an emphasis on family and community as providers of support. Although a few emerging local initiatives for elderly care in Amsterdam were identified, it is unclear whether this form of community support can compensate for decreasing state provision in Amsterdam. This study raises concerns about the future of care provision for older adults living in unsupportive urban neighbourhoods, without financial resources or nearby relatives. 相似文献
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Prof. Dr. Joos Cadisch 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1960,50(1):53-63
Zusammenfassung Die Bogenform der Gebirgsketten ist weitgehend Ausdruck der Tiefentektonik. Oft ist die Einheitlichkeit großer Beugungen nur eine scheinbare. Der Rif- und der Karpatenbogen sind aus verschiedenen Segmenten zusammengesetzt. Kleinere Randbogen der Orogene sind als Fließformen zu betrachten (Reliefüberschiebungen). Es wäre abzuklären, ob Gebirgsbogen Faciesräume (Beckenfüllungen usw.) umsäumen.Abgesehen von streichenden scher- und Gleitflächen, die als Begleiterscheinungen des Falten- und Deckenbaues zu bewerten sind, kommt der Bruchbildung bei der Entstehung alpidischer Orogene nur eine sekundäre Rolle zu. Die Verkennung der Größenordnung ruptureller Vorgänge führt zu einer Überschätzung ihrer tektonischen Funktion.Eine Abgrenzung des Oberbaues vom Unterbau der Gebirge kann heute nur hypothetisch vorgenommen werden. Es ist damit zu rechnen, daß der Tiefgang der Orogene hauptsächlich auf deren Zentralzone beschränkt ist.Die ursprüngliche Breite der Ablagerungsräume ist, soweit Nachprüfungen in einzelnen Gebieten erfolgten, keineswegs zu groß angenommen worden.Der Schweregleitung wird oft eine zu große Bedeutung zugemessen. In vielen Fällen ist der Nachweis basaler Gleitflächen ebensowenig zu erbringen, wie sich das einstige Vorhandensein von Gleitmassen aufnehmenden Trögen nachweisen läßt.In späteren Phasen der Gebirgsbildung machen sich ganz beträchtliche Kippungen bemerkbar, die als epirogene Vorgänge betrachtet werden können. 相似文献
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