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In the Alaska halibut individual fishing quota (IFQ) fishery, small remote fishing communities (SRFCs) have disproportionately lost fishing rights. Our analysis of quota market participation from 1995 to 1999 confirms that SRFC residents are more likely to sell than buy quota. Alaska Native heritage is another important predictor of quota market behavior. Residents of Alaska Native villages have an increased likelihood of selling quota. Loss of fisheries participation in small indigenous communities can be an unintended consequence of quota systems. Mitigation measures should take into account the social factors that can lead to such a redistribution of fishing rights in privatized access fisheries. 相似文献
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Summary Litton Divisions presently produce both high accuracy GPS surveyors and low—cost GPS navigation sets. Aero Service'sMACROMETER
R Interferometric Surveyors, have become the standard against which GPS surveying equipment is measured. Litton Aero Products
has developed a highly digitized, low costL
1,C/A code GPS card set. The integration of these technologies had led to the development of a low-cost, high-precision, GPS survey
system which can be configured with or without a codelessL
2 capability.
TheMINI-MAC surveying system is the first member of the new generation of GPS survey systems resulting from this joint development. The
system design is described in this paper, and initial survey test results using a prototypeMINI-MAC surveying system are presented. 相似文献
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Differences in trace metal concentrations among fluvial morphologic units and implications for sampling 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
This study examines the segregation of trace metals within and between fluvial morphologic units in sand-sized and finer
bed sediments in a cobble bed stream. The types of fluvial morphologic units sampled are low gradient riffles, high gradient
riffles, glides, eddy drop zones, lateral scour pools, attached bars, and detached bars. Three to nine samples were collected
from ten of each type of morphologic unit. All 12 metals show significantly different concentrations between some morphologic
units in sediments smaller than 2 mm. Eddy drop zones and attached bars consistently have the highest metal concentrations,
while low gradient riffles, high gradient riffles, and glides typically have the lowest concentrations. Metals showing the
greatest between-unit variability are Al, Cr, Fe, Cu, and Ti, followed by Co, Mn, and Pb, while Mg, Mn, V, and Zn display
relatively few differences between units. Lateral and longitudinal variations of metals within units are not significant,
and there was no consistent, predictable variation in metal concentrations with distance downstream. Results indicate that
metal studies in other gravel- and cobble-bed streams should include a reconnaissance survey to determine variations between
morphologic units, stratify sampling by morphologic unit, and analyze spatial autocorrelation to determine sample spacing.
Received: October 1997 · Accepted: 23 March 1998 相似文献
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We presented a finite‐element‐based algorithm to simulate plane‐strain, straight hydraulic fractures in an impermeable elastic medium. The algorithm accounts for the nonlinear coupling between the fluid pressure and the crack opening and separately tracks the evolution of the crack tip and the fluid front. It therefore allows the existence of a fluid lag. The fluid front is advanced explicitly in time, but an implicit strategy is needed for the crack tip to guarantee the satisfaction of Griffith's criterion at each time step. We enforced the coupling between the fluid and the rock by simultaneously solving for the pressure field in the fluid and the crack opening at each time step. We provided verification of our algorithm by performing sample simulations and comparing them with two known similarity solutions. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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C. R. Purcell R. Balasubramanyam M. G. Burton A. J. Walsh V. Minier M. R. Hunt-Cunningham L. L. Kedziora-Chudczer S. N. Longmore T. Hill I. Bains P. J. Barnes A. L. Busfield P. Calisse N. H. M. Crighton S. J. Curran T. M. Davis J. T. Dempsey G. Derragopian B. Fulton M. G. Hidas M. G. Hoare J.-K. Lee E. F. Ladd S. L. Lumsden T. J. T. Moore M. T. Murphy R. D. Oudmaijer M. B. Pracy J. Rathborne S. Robertson A. S. B. Schultz J. Shobbrook P. A. Sparks J. Storey T. Travouillion 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2006,367(2):553-576
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I. Bains T. Wong M. Cunningham P. Sparks D. Brisbin P. Calisse J. T. Dempsey G. Deragopian S. Ellingsen B. Fulton F. Herpin P. Jones Y. Kouba C. Kramer E. F. Ladd S. N. Longmore J. McEvoy M. Maller V. Minier B. Mookerjea C. Phillips C. R. Purcell A. Walsh M. A. Voronkov M. G. Burton 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2006,367(4):1609-1628
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We detected excess oscillatory power at 0.25–2.0 Hz in a coronal loop in the 1983 Indonesian total solar eclipse. In this second-generation experiment enlarging upon the work of Pasachoff and Landman (1984), we observed in two frequency channels, one coronal and one continuum, to monitor atmospheric and instrumental effects. We briefly discuss the effects of an oscillation near 1 Hz on the coronal heating problem.Visiting Colleague, Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii. 相似文献
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T. Wong E. F. Ladd D. Brisbin M. G. Burton I. Bains M. R. Cunningham N. Lo P. A. Jones K. L. Thomas S. N. Longmore A. Vigan B. Mookerjea C. Kramer Y. Fukui A. Kawamura 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2008,386(2):1069-1084
We present a fully sampled C18 O (1–0) map towards the southern giant molecular cloud (GMC) associated with the H ii region RCW 106, and use it in combination with previous 13 CO (1–0) mapping to estimate the gas column density as a function of position and velocity. We find localized regions of significant 13 CO optical depth in the northern part of the cloud, with several of the high-opacity clouds in this region likely associated with a limb-brightened shell around the H ii region G333.6−0.2. Optical depth corrections broaden the distribution of column densities in the cloud, yielding a lognormal distribution as predicted by simulations of turbulence. Decomposing the 13 CO and C18 O data cubes into clumps, we find relatively weak correlations between size and linewidth, and a more sensitive dependence of luminosity on size than would be predicted by a constant average column density. The clump mass spectrum has a slope near −1.7, consistent with previous studies. The most massive clumps appear to have gravitational binding energies well in excess of virial equilibrium; we discuss possible explanations, which include magnetic support and neglect of time-varying surface terms in the virial theorem. Unlike molecular clouds as a whole, the clumps within the RCW 106 GMC, while elongated, appear to show random orientations with respect to the Galactic plane. 相似文献
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