Influence of low ozone episodes on erythemal UV-B radiation in Austria     

Schwarz  Matthias  Baumgartner  Dietmar J.  Pietsch  Helga  Blumthaler  Mario  Weihs  Philipp  Rieder  Harald E. 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2018,133(1-2):319-329

This study investigates the influence of low ozone episodes on UV-B radiation in Austria during the period 1999 to 2015. To this aim observations of total column ozone (TCO) in the Greater Alpine Region (Arosa, Switzerland; Hohenpeissenberg, Germany; Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Sonnblick, Austria), and erythemal UV-B radiation, available from 12 sites of the Austrian UV-B monitoring network, are analyzed. As previous definitions for low ozone episodes are not particularly suited to investigate effects on UV radiation, a novel threshold approach—considering anomalies—is developed to provide a joint framework for the analysis of extremes. TCO and UV extremes are negatively correlated, although modulating effects of sunshine duration impact the robustness of the statistical relationship. Therefore, information on relative sunshine duration (SD_rel), available at (or nearby) UV-B monitoring sites, is included as explanatory variable in the analysis. The joint analysis of anomalies of both UV index (UVI) and total ozone (∆UVI, ∆TCO) and SD_rel across sites shows that more than 65% of observations with strongly negative ozone anomalies (∆TCO < −1) led to positive UVI anomalies. Considering only days with strongly positive UVI anomaly (∆UVI > 1), we find (across all sites) that about 90% correspond to negative ∆TCO. The remaining 10% of days occurred during fair weather conditions (SD_rel ≥ 80%) explaining the appearance of ∆UVI > 1 despite positive TCO anomalies. Further, we introduce an anomaly amplification factor (AAF), which quantifies the expected change of the ∆UVI for a given change in ∆TCO.

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Book review     

Philipp Weihs 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》1994,48(4):239-239

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A soil moisture monitoring network to assess controls on runoff generation during atmospheric river events     

Edwin Sumargo  Hilary McMillan  Rachel Weihs  Carolyn J. Ellis  Anna M. Wilson  F. Martin Ralph 《水文研究》2021,35(1):e13998

Soil moisture is a key modifier of runoff generation from rainfall excess, including during extreme precipitation events associated with Atmospheric Rivers (ARs). This paper presents a new, publicly available dataset from a soil moisture monitoring network in Northern California's Russian River Basin, designed to assess soil moisture controls on runoff generation under AR conditions. The observations consist of 2-min volumetric soil moisture at 19 sites and 6 depths (5, 10, 15, 20, 50, and 100 cm), starting in summer 2017. The goals of this monitoring network are to aid the development of research applications and situational awareness tools for Forecast-Informed Reservoir Operations at Lake Mendocino. We present short analyses of these data to demonstrate their capability to characterize soil moisture responses to precipitation across sites and depths, including time series analysis, correlation analysis, and identification of soil saturation thresholds that induce runoff. Our results show strong inter-site Pearson's correlations (>0.8) at the seasonal timescale. Correlations are strong (>0.8) during events with high antecedent soil moisture and during drydown periods, and weak (<0.5) otherwise. High event runoff ratios are observed when antecedent soil moisture thresholds are exceeded, and when antecedent runoff is high. Although local heterogeneity in soil moisture can limit the utility of point source data in some hydrologic model applications, our analyses indicate three ways in which soil moisture data are valuable for model design: (1) sensors installed at 6 depths per location enable us to identify the soil depth below which evapotranspiration and saturation dynamics change, and therefore choose model soil layer depths, (2) time series analysis indicates the role of soil moisture processes in controlling runoff ratio during precipitation, which hydrologic models should replicate, and (3) spatial correlation analysis of the soil moisture fluctuations helps identify when and where distributed hydrologic modelling may be beneficial.  相似文献   

Calibration of sunphotometer for measurements of turbidity     

P. Weihs  I. Dirmhirn  I. M. Czerwenka-Wenkstetten 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》1995,51(1-2):97-104

Summary This study investigates an alternative method to the Langley plot, a widely used but complex calibration method for sunphotometers. A sunphotometer has been calibrated using two different methods: the Langley method, a calibration to the extraterrestrial irradiance, and second by comparison to a standard instrument. The standard instrument used for these studies is spectrophotometer. The relative difference between the calibration factors obtained by the two methods is between 0.13% for the channel with the greatest sensitivity (500 nm) and 2% for the channel with the lowest signal (368 nm). The accuracy of both calibrations is of the same order of magnitude with relative errors between 1.2 and 7% for the Langley method and 2.9 to 5.3% for the standard instrument method. Analyses of the origin of possible errors show the sensitivity of the Langley method to less than ideal weather conditions, which could cause an error in calibration of up to 45% under extreme conditions and when too few measurements are made. This studies are made only for the UV and the visible range, investigations about the application of this technique in the near IR have still to be done and would also require spectrometers with a wider sensitivity range.These investigations do not alter the fact that frequent calibrations are still needed due to sensitivity changes like filter degradation.With 6 Figures  相似文献   

Tidal stream transport as an efficient method for migration   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  

Weihs  D. 《ICES Journal of Marine Science》1978,38(1):92-99

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