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Drought and human adjustment in Saudi Arabia 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Abdulla Ahmed Al-Taher 《GeoJournal》1994,33(4):411-422
Drought is one of the natural hazards which causes death and damage for property particularly in drylands of the world. Drought as a natural hazard tends to limit and disrupt human activities. On the other hand, man has tried to adjust his living conditions to this hazard. The adjustment to drought is different from one country to another. Adjustment to drought is affected by culture, income, and by the political system in the country. In the case of Saudi Arabia adjustment to drought hazard is usually the work of both individuals, and government. The Saudi Arabian government has spent large sums of money to reduce impact of drought hazard. 相似文献
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Artificial groundwater recharge to a semi-arid basin: case study of Mujib aquifer,Jordan 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Mujib watershed is an important groundwater basin which is considered a major source for drinking and irrigation water in
Jordan. Increased dependence on groundwater needs improved aquifer management with respect to understanding deeply recharge
and discharge issues, planning rates withdrawal, and facing water quality problems arising from industrial and agricultural
contamination. The efficient management of this source depends on reliable estimates of the recharge to groundwater and is
needed in order to protect Mujib basin from depletion. Artificial groundwater recharge was investigated in this study as one
of the important options to face water scarcity and to improve groundwater storage in the aquifer. A groundwater model based
on the MODFLOW program, calibrated under both steady- and unsteady-state conditions, was used to investigate different groundwater
management scenarios that aim at protecting the Mujib basin. The scenarios include variations of abstraction levels combined
with different artificial groundwater recharge quantities. The possibilities of artificial groundwater recharge from existing
and proposed dams as well as reclaimed municipal wastewater were investigated. Artificial recharge options considered in this
study are mainly through injecting water directly to the aquifer and through infiltration from reservoir. Three scenarios
were performed to predict the aquifer system response under different artificial recharge options (low, moderate, and high)
which then compared with no action (recharge) scenario. The best scenario that provides a good recovery for the groundwater
table and that can be feasible is founded to be by reducing current abstraction rates by 20% and implementing the moderate
artificial recharge rates of 26 million(M)m3/year. The model constructed in this study helps decision makers and planners in selecting optimum management schemes suitable
for such arid and semi-arid regions. 相似文献
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2004年春季沙尘天气对和田市空气质量的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
利用沙尘暴监测网数据、常规气象资料以及MICAPS系统环流形势资料,对和田市2004年春季沙尘天气产生的污染进行了详细的对比分析。研究结果表明：和田市春季污染相当严重,主要以沙尘污染为主。整个春季79％时间API（环境污染指数）指数均达到500,且45％时间可吸入颗粒物PM10在TSP巾的浓度比例达50％。不同天气系统对和田市空气的污染贡献不同。从东路影响和田市的天气系统、高压底部型地面系统和浮尘天气所造成空气污染相当严重。其余天气系统和天气现象所产生的污染较小。 相似文献
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Development of groundwater modeling for the Azraq Basin, Jordan 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
The three-dimensional groundwater flow model MODFLOW was applied to simulate water level change in the complex multi-aquifer
systems (the Upper and Middle Aquifers) of the Azraq basin. The model was calibrated by matching observed and simulated drawdown
for steady and transient states over the period 1970–1992. Drawdown data for the period 1993–1997 were used to test the model's
ability to predict the response of the aquifers. The model performed well in representing the water level contours of the
Upper and Middle Aquifers for steady state calibration. Agreement between the observed and simulated drawdowns was obtained
for transient state calibration. To predict the aquifer system responses for the period of 1997–2025, four different pumping
schemes (scenarios) have been investigated. The first scenario (present pumping rate) reveals that there will be approximately
a 25 m drop in the water level at the well-field area in 2025. However, the worst scenario (pumping rate at 1.5 times the
present rate) reveals an approximate 39 m drop in the water level at the well-field area in 2025. The safe yield for the Upper
Aquifer System was found to be about 25 million cubic meters (MCM) yearly.
Received: 24 June 1999 · Accepted: 30 November 1999 相似文献
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This paper is a sequel to an earlier article of the same title. The two formal analytical solutions of the Ideal Resonance Problem developed respectively by Garfinkel and Jupp are here compared, atsecond-order in the appropriate small parameter, with numerical integrations; the second-order circulation solution for Jupp's theory being presented for the first time. It transpires that throughout most of the deep resonance regime the second-mentioned solution provides greater accuracy. In addition, it is demonstrated that the first solution is not appropriate when general initial values of the variables are prescribed. 相似文献
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Massive oil fires in Kuwait were the aftermath of the Gulf War. This resulted in the pollution of air, water, and soil, the magnitude of which is unparalleled in the history of mankind. Oil fires damaged several oil well heads, resulting in the flow of oil, forming large oil lakes. Products of combustion from oil well fires deposited over large areas. Infiltrating rainwater, leaching out contaminants from oil lakes and products of combustion at ground surface, can reach the water table and contaminate the groundwater. Field investigations, supported by laboratory studies and mathematical models, show that infiltration of oil from oil lakes will be limited to a depth of about 2 m from ground surface. Preliminary mathematical models showed that contaminated rainwater can infiltrate and reach the water table within a period of three to four days, particularly at the Raudhatain and Umm Al-Aish regions. These are the only regions in Kuwait where fresh groundwater exists. After reaching the water table, the lateral movement of contaminants is expected to be very slow under prevailing hydraulic gradients. Groundwater monitoring at the above regions during 1992 showed minor levels of vanadium, nickel, and total hydrocarbons at certain wells. Since average annual rainfall in the region is only 120 mm/yr, groundwater contamination due to the infiltration of contaminated rainwater is expected to be a long-term one. 相似文献
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An overview of the Tertiary geology and hydrogeology of the northern part of the Arabian Gulf region with special reference to Kuwait 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Tertiary sediments constitute the main source of usable groundwater in Kuwait. Tectonics, depositional environment, lithology and the hydrogeology of these sediments have been reviewed on a regional scale, with special reference to Kuwait. The review showed that Kuwait was situated at the boundary of the stable shelf towards southwest and the unstable shelf towards northeast throughout the Tertiary period. The Tertiary sedimentation started in this area with a marine transgression in the Palaeocene. Shallow marine to sabkha conditions prevailed in the area until the end of the Eocene; a carbonate-evaporite sequence (Umm Er-Radhuma, Rus and Dammam Formation) was deposited during this period. The sea regressed at the end of Eocene, and a widespread unconformity, causing the absence of Oligocene deposits over most of the area, marked the event. The karstification of the Dammam Limestone Formation, that provides localized easier pathways for ground water, took place during this period. The deposition of the clastic sediments of the Kuwait Group and its equivalents on the stable shelf, under mostly continental conditions, started in the early Miocene. The Tertiary aquifers of the area are recharged by occasional rainstorms in the outcrops of Saudi Arabia and Iraq. The water flows towards the north and east in the direction of the regional dip and discharges along the present-day coast of the Gulf. The water quality deteriorates in the same direction, being more mineralized as it flows through the aquifers. The aquifers are presently being exploited at a comparatively high rate. Since the aquifers extend beyond the political boundaries, cooperation among the countries of the region is recommended to ensure the optimum utilization of the scarce water resources of this desert environment. 相似文献