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1.
Rachel E. Adams Ayumi Hyodo Toby SantaMaria Cynthia L. Wright Thomas W. Boutton Jason B. West 《水文研究》2020,34(4):991-1003
Questions persist about interpreting isotope ratios of bound and mobile soil water pools, particularly relative to clay content and extraction conditions. Interactions between pools and resulting extracted water isotope composition are presumably related to soil texture, yet few studies have manipulated the bound pool to understand its influence on soil water processes. Using a series of drying and spiking experiments, we effectively labelled bound and mobile water pools in soils with varying clay content. Soils were first vacuum dried to remove residual water, which was then replaced with heavy isotope-enriched water prior to oven drying and spiking with heavy isotope-depleted water. Water was extracted via centrifugation or cryogenic vacuum distillation (at four temperatures) and analysed for oxygen and hydrogen isotope ratios via isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Water from centrifuged samples fell along a mixing line between the two added waters but was more enriched in heavy isotopes than the depleted label, demonstrating that despite oven drying, a residual pool remains and mixes with the mobile water. Soils with higher clay + silt content appeared to have a larger bound pool. Water from vacuum distillation samples have a significant temperature effect, with high temperature extractions yielding progressively more heavy isotope-enriched values, suggesting that Rayleigh fractionation occurred at low temperatures in the vacuum line. By distinctly labelling bound and mobile soil water pools, we detected interactions between the two that were dependent on soil texture. Although neither extraction method appeared to completely extract the combined bound and mobile (total water) pool, centrifugation and high temperature cryogenic vacuum distillations were comparable for both δ2H and δ18O of soil water isotope ratios. 相似文献
2.
Scale mismatches and their ecological and economic effects on landscapes: A spatially explicit model
Mismatches between the spatial scales of human decision-making and natural processes contribute to environmental problems such as global warming and biodiversity losses. People damage the environment through local activities like clearing land or burning fossil fuels, but the damages only become manifest at larger regional or global scales where no one pays for them. Payments for ecological services like carbon sequestration can correct for these damages caused by scale mismatches. This paper presents a spatially explicit land-use model to investigate the consequences of scale mismatches for pollination and carbon storage services and examine the effect of payment for only carbon storage services. The model integrates processes in multiple spatial scales ranging from the parcel level used by landowners’ decision about deforestation, to the larger scale used by animals to pollinate plants, and finally to the global scale where carbon storage services are supplied. We show that payment for carbon storage services can become an effective mechanism to protect forests at the same time that it creates inequities among landowners in income level.These findings suggest that market-based approaches that focus on conservation of a single ecosystem service may reproduce unequal power relations among landowners. 相似文献
3.
Yoshito Chikaraishi Ryouichi Tanaka Ayumi Tanaka Naohiko Ohkouchi 《Organic Geochemistry》2009,40(5):569-573
Deuterium (D) depletion in phytol relative to ambient water as well as other lipids has been widely observed in various biological and geological samples; however, the mechanism for the depletion remains unknown. We have determined the hydrogen isotopic compositions of phytol and its precursors in cucumber cotyledons and have evaluated the fractionation of hydrogen isotopes during phytol biosynthesis. The hydrogen isotopic compositions of geranylgeraniol, dihydrogeranylgeraniol, tetrahydrogeranylgeraniol and phytol are ?281‰, ?302‰, ?325‰ and ?345‰, respectively. The results suggest that significantly D-depleted hydrogen is incorporated stepwise during hydrogenation of geranylgeraniol to phytol. We conclude that hydrogenation is important in controlling D depletion in phytol. 相似文献
4.
Akio Tamaki Ayumi Nakaoka Hideki Maekawa Fumihiko Yamada 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2008,78(4):727-738
The fishery yield of Manila clams, Ruditapes philippinarum, increased considerably in the 1970s but has decreased rapidly since the middle 1980s on extensive intertidal sand flats in Ariake Sound (Kyushu, Japan). A survey conducted in 2004 on a 3.4-km2 sand flat located in the central part of the Sound (Shirakawa sand flat) revealed four dominant species: two thalassinidean shrimps (Upogebia major and Nihonotrypaea japonica), which are deep-reaching burrow dwellers with strong bioturbation activities, and two bivalves (Mactra veneriformis and R. philippinarum). All four species belong to a phytoplankton (diatom)-feeding guild. In the late 1970s, the Manila clam population prevailed in high densities over the entire sand flat, whereas its distribution was restricted to the lowest quarter of the shore in 2004. In contrast, the population sizes and zones of occurrence of the other phytoplankton feeders have expanded in the absence of R. philippinarum, perhaps an indication of competitive release. After establishment, effects of the thalassinidean shrimps on sediment stability appear to have further reduced clam abundances. Across the sand flat in 2004, wet weight population biomass estimates for N. japonica, U. major, M. veneriformis, and R. philippinarum (whole body for shrimps and soft tissue for bivalves) were 304, 111, 378, and 234 tonnes, respectively. Based on Manila clam fishery yield records from Shirakawa, the carrying capacity of the Shirakawa sand flat in the late 1970s was estimated to be two times greater than the sum value for the whole phytoplankton-feeding guild in 2004. It is hypothesized that (1) the amount of phytoplankton determines the carrying capacity for the benthic community on the Shirakawa sand flat, with both phytoplankton and benthic biomass at maxima in the late 1970s, and (2) the subsequent increases in competition for space have caused further declines in the Manila clam population biomass to approximately one-eighth of its past value. 相似文献
5.
Ikuko Fujisaki Kristen M. Hart Michael S. Cherkiss Frank J. Mazzotti Jeff S. Beauchamp Brian M. Jeffery Laura A. Brandt 《Estuaries and Coasts》2016,39(5):1561-1569
Estuarine habitat occupied by Alligator mississippiensis, a primarily freshwater species, is spatially and temporally heterogeneous largely due to a salinity gradient that fluctuates. Using long-term night light survey data, we examined seasonal patterns in alligators’ habitat use by size classes in midstream and downstream estuary zones of Shark River, Everglades National Park, in southern Florida. We observed predominantly large-sized alligators (total length?≥?1.75 m); observations of alligators in the small size classes (0.5 m?≤?total length?<?1.25 m) were rare especially in the higher-salinity downstream zone. The density of alligators in the downstream zone was lower than that of the midstream zone during the dry season when salinity increases due to reduced precipitation. Conversely, the density of the large size alligators was higher in the downstream zone than in the midstream zone during the wet season, likely because of reduced salinity. We also found a significant declining trend over time in the number of alligators in the dry season, which coincides with the reported decline in alligator relative density in southern Florida freshwater wetlands. Our results indicated high adaptability of alligators to the fluctuating habitat conditions. Use of estuaries by alligators is likely driven in part by physiology and possibly by reproductive cycle, and our results supported their opportunistic use of estuary habitat and ontogenetic niche shifts. 相似文献
6.
7.
Jonny Rutqvist Deborah Barr Jens T. Birkholzer Kiyoshi Fujisaki Olaf Kolditz Quan-Sheng Liu Tomoo Fujita Wenqing Wang Cheng-Yuan Zhang 《Environmental Geology》2009,57(6):1347-1360
This paper presents an international, multiple-code, simulation study of coupled thermal, hydrological, and mechanical (THM)
processes and their effect on permeability and fluid flow in fractured rock around heated underground nuclear waste emplacement
drifts. Simulations were conducted considering two types of repository settings (1) open emplacement drifts in relatively
shallow unsaturated volcanic rock, and (2) backfilled emplacement drifts in deeper saturated crystalline rock. The results
showed that for the two assumed repository settings, the dominant mechanism of changes in rock permeability was thermal–mechanically
induced closure (reduced aperture) of vertical fractures, caused by thermal stress resulting from repository-wide heating
of the rock mass. The magnitude of thermal–mechanically induced changes in permeability was more substantial in the case of
an emplacement drift located in a relatively shallow, low-stress environment where the rock is more compliant, allowing more
substantial fracture closure during thermal stressing. However, in both of the assumed repository settings in this study,
the thermal–mechanically induced changes in permeability caused relatively small changes in the flow field, with most changes
occurring in the vicinity of the emplacement drifts. 相似文献
8.
Cannon David Fujisaki-Manome Ayumi Wang Jia Kessler James Chu Philip 《Ocean Dynamics》2023,73(3-4):201-218
Ocean Dynamics - The world’s largest lakes, including the Laurentian Great Lakes, have experienced significant surface warming and loss of ice cover over the last several decades. Although... 相似文献
9.
Ayumi Fujisaki Hajime Yamaguchi Takenobu Toyota Akio Futatsudera Masaru Miyanaga 《Journal of Oceanography》2009,65(4):487-498
The air-ice drag coefficient under neutral stratification C
DN
was measured with the eddy correlation method in the southern Sea of Okhotsk. The disturbance of the wind field caused by
the ship’s structure was evaluated by computational fluid dynamics (CFD), and two types of correction methods were applied
to estimate the error span of C
DN
: one is based on the results of CFD, and the other is based on the parameterization of C
DN
over open water suggested by Taylor and Yelland (2001). The C
DN
× 103 values finally obtained ranged from 1.9 to 5.4 with a mean value of 2.7 by the CFD correction and from 1.5 to 5.0 with a
mean value of 3.1 by the other method. This is somewhat larger than the value of 2.5 suggested by Shirasawa (1981), and in
the same range as 2.2–4.0 over rough ice and 3.1–5.0 over very rough ice, values which were complied by Guest and Davidson
(1991) for first year ice. Most of the ice conditions were characterized by broken floes with a diameter less than 100 m and
raised rims, which made the surface rougher than flat, level ice. The relation between C
DN
and ice concentration was not clear, mainly because the contribution of the form drag caused at the freeboard was undetectable
due to the great variation of ice surface condition. The roughness length z
M
was also evaluated using the model developed for snow covered ice in a previous study. 相似文献
10.
In a deciduous larch forest in eastern Siberia, the mean and standard deviation of the total evapotranspiration (E) during May to September (day of year (DOY) = 121–274) for 2003–2006 were 181.5 and 26.4 mm, respectively. The interannual variation (IAV) in the total E was caused by the IAV in E for the canopy‐foliated period (DOY = 164–253), not by the IAV in the dates of leaf expansion and leaf fall. For the years with higher total E, E in the canopy‐foliated period was consistently higher, which corresponded to the higher soil water content in these years. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献