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Rifting dynamics at spreading axes is governed by two processes: the large-scale plate divergence and the local magma accumulation in the crust-mantle transition layer. Both evolve simultaneously. A model is developed particularly for the situation in Iceland where a well studied rifting episode occurred in the Krafla volcanic system 1975–1984. Both the divergence and the buoyant rise of magma create tensile deviatoric stress in the axial region, but while divergence generates an altogether extensional stress field, uprising of buoyant melt produces tension only near the axis but compression of the sides. The buoyant rise is driven by the differential pressure gradient in rock and melt. The processes are studied with a two-dimensional finite-element routine. Presently thermal effects are neglected. The model parameters are density difference, size of the buoyant body, externally applied stress field, mechanical properties of rock and melt. Relatively small amounts of divergence and small increases of buoyancy are shown to generate axial tension which can overcome the tensile strength. Axial tension produced by buoyant bodies can even overcome lateral compression. Observed long intervals of quiescence require either large rock strength, quasi-continuous stress relaxation, small buoyant bodies, and/or a compressive deviatoric stress normal to the axis during much of the time between rifting episodes. Buoyant rise and injection of melt must be important in generating compression. 相似文献
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A general method is outlined for the determination of natural frequencies of cylindrical shells with any boundary conditions when the effects of rotatory inertia and transverse shear deformation are included in the analysis. This is applied to cylindrical shells with both ends clamped. It is shown that the inclusion of these effects tends to have a greater effect upon frequencies of cylindrical shells with clamped ends than it does for corresponding shells with simply supported ends, for which numerical results are available. The authors suggest an empirical relation, which together with the latter results enables rapid estimates to be made of the effects of rotatory inertia and shear deformation on the frequencies of a wide range of cylindrical shells with clamped ends. An assessment of the accuracy of the theory with these effects included is made by comparing frequencies with values from a three-dimensional elasticity theory, but this comparison has to be restricted to cylindrical shells with simply supported ends. 相似文献
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X.Z. Zhang S.J. Qian L.A. Higgs T.L. Landecker X.J. Wu 《Astrophysics and Space Science》2002,279(4):355-366
Radio observational results at 232 MHz and multifrequency studies of supernova remnant (SNR) HB21 are presented. Its integrated
flux density at 232 MHz is about 390 ± 30 Jy. Both the integrated spectral index and the spatial variations of spectral index
of the remnant were calculated by combining the new map at 232 MHz with previously published maps made at 408, 1420, 2695,
and 4750 MHz. The SNR has an integrated spectral index of about α = -0.43(S
ν ∝ να) between 232 and 4750 MHz. In general the spectral index varies from –0.5 in southeast and west regions of the remnant to
–0.3 in the central region and near the northwest edge. The new data of 232 MHz reveals that there is interaction between
the remnant and the surrounding gas along the east edge of the remnant which causes the spectrum flattening at low frequency,
while the very good agreement between the structure of X-ray emission and the central flat spectrum area suggests that the
existence of thermal emission is the reason of spectrum flattening in the area.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
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Reservoir potential of Late Cretaceous terrestrial to shallow marine sandstones,Taranaki Basin,New Zealand 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Late Cretaceous coals and coaly source rocks are the main source of hydrocarbons in the Taranaki Basin, yet to date there have not been any hydrocarbon discoveries within Cretaceous strata, and sandstone distribution and reservoir quality for this interval have been poorly understood. The Late Cretaceous sediments were deposited in several sub-basins across Taranaki, with their distribution largely determined by sediment supply, subsidence, and sea level change. In this study, we describe potential reservoir facies in well penetrations of Cretaceous strata in Taranaki, as well as from outcrop in northwest Nelson, on the southern edge of the basin. 相似文献