Eine Deutung der D-Schicht-Winter-Anomalie und des “Berliner Phänomens”     

J. Drimmel 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》1964,14(2):213-217

Zusammenfassung Die bisher ungeklärte Winter-Anomalie der D-Schicht sowie die explosionsartigen Erwärmungen der Hochstratosphäre im Winter können durch Staubpartikel interplanetaren Ursprungs (Meteorströme) hervorgerufen werden. Eine Anlagerung von Elektronen an die Staubteilchen in der Exosphäre bewirkt das Einfangen der kleinsten Partikel durch das erdmagnetische Feld und verhindert so ihr Verglühen in der Ionosphäre. Durch Sedimentation und turbulente Diffusion gelangt der Meteorstaub bis in die Ozonosphäre, wo er oxydiert wird und so eine plötzliche Wärmeentwicklung zur Folge hat. Die angelagerten Elektronen exosphärischen Ursprungs können bei zeitgerechter Photoablösung elektromagnetische Wellen dämpfen und so die Winter-Anomalie der D-Schicht hervorrufen.

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Summary The winter-anomaly of the ionospheric D-region for which no sufficient explanation existed up to now, as well as the explosive warming of the high stratosphere in wintertime are possibly caused by dust particles of inter-planetary origin (meteoric showers). The attachment of electrons on the dust particles in the exosphere causes the magnetic field of the earth to catch the smallest particles and so they do not evaporate in the ionosphere. By sedimentation and turbulent diffusion the meteoric dust reaches the ozonosphere where it is oxidized, which is followed by a sudden development of heat. After photo-detachment in due time the formerly attached electrons of exospheric origin are able to damp electro-magnetic waves and by this they cause the winter-anomaly of the D-region.

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Résumé L'anomalie de la couche D — inexplicable jusqu'ici — ainsi que les hausses prodigieusement rapides de la température de la haute stratosphère, deux phénomènes particuliers de l'hiver, peuvent être provoquées par des particules de poussière d'origine interplanétaire (courants de météorites). Des électrons adhérant, dans l'exosphère, aux grains de poussière permettent l'entraînement des plus petites particules par le champ magnétique terrestre et empèchent ainsi leur désintégration dans l'ionosphère. Par sédimentation et diffusion turbulente, la poussière cosmique parvient ensuite jusque dans l'ozonosphère où elle est oxydée. Il en résulte alors un dégagement subit de chaleur. Les électrons d'origine exosphérique adhérant à la poussière cosmique peuvent atténuer, s'ils s'en détachent en temps opportun sous l'effet du rayonnement solaire, les ondes électromagnétiques et provoquer ainsi l'anomalie d'hiver de la couche D.

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Buchbesprechungen     

F. Steinhauser  W. Mörikofer  J. Drimmel  Peter Steinhauser 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》1965,15(2):251-264

Ohne Zusammenfassung  相似文献   

一个高分辨对流层物质交换模式   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2       下载免费PDF全文

雷孝恩  J.S.Chang 《气象学报》1993,51(1):75-86

在区域酸沉积模式(RADM)基础上,设计了一个高分辨对流层(TL)物质交换模式(EM3)。EM3在以下五个方面明显不同于RADM:第一,增加行星边界层(PBL)的垂直网格层次;第二、TL内考虑分层的垂直涡旋扩散系数型;第三,使用TL内分层的水平涡旋扩散系数型;第四,采用包含有植物冠层垂直结构影响的新干沉积速度型;第五,使用数值扩散小的二阶矩守恒平流格式.用EM3和RADM对OSCAR Ⅳ实例作对比模拟,结果表明EM3能更好地预测出TL内的三维物质分布规律,在同样条件下,两模式预测的PBL低层中心浓度比值均大于1.8,最大值可大于3。  相似文献   

Numerical study on dry deposition processes in canopy layer     

Lei Xiaoen  Julius S. Chang 《大气科学进展》1992,9(4):491-500

A coupling model between the canopy layer (CL) and atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) for the study of dry deposition velocity is developed. The model consists of six parts: chemical species conservation equation including absorptive factor; the species uptake action including detailed vertical variation of absorptive element in CL; momen-tum exchange in CL which is represented by a first-order closure momentum equation with an additional larger-scale diffusive term; momentum exchange in ABL which is described by a complete set of the ABL turbulent statistic parameters; absorptivity (or solubility or reflection) at the surface including effects of the physical and chemi-cal characters of the species, land type, seasonal and diurnal variations of the meteorological variables; and deposition velocity derived by distributions of the species with height in CL. Variational rules of the concentration and deposi-tion velocity with both height and time are simulated with the model for both corn and forest canopies. Results pre-dicted with the bulk deposition velocity derived in the paper consist well with experimental data.  相似文献   

Further studies of ozone and sunspots     

London  Julius  Oltmans  Samuel 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1973,106(1):1302-1307

Pure and Applied Geophysics -  相似文献   

Der Frostschutz durch Lufttrübung—rechnerisch betrachtet     

J. Drimmel 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》1955,6(4):443-451

Zusammenfassung Mit Hilfe einer theoretisch abgeleiteten und praktisch erprobten Abkühlungsformel wird an dem speziellen Beispiel einer windstillen Maifrostnacht der Einfluß des Räucherns bzw. Vernebelns auf den Temperaturgang am Erdboden untersucht. Es wird gefunden, daß bei der heutigen Anwendungsart der Trübungsmethoden der volle Wirkungsgrad wohl nie oder nur selten erreicht wird, weil dieser sehr vom Zeitpunkt des Schutzbeginns und von der jeweiligen vertikalen Temperaturverteilung abhängig ist, was bisher kaum beachtet wurde. Wesentlich ist auch eine beständige, genügend hohe Rauch- bzw. Nebeldichte über dem gesamten Frostentstehungsgebiet.Der errechnete Temperatureffekt vom Beginn der Lufttrübung bis zur Zeit des Sonnenaufgangs ist graphisch dargestellt. Man kann der Abbildung 3 beispielsweise entnehmen, daß bei 50%igem, während der ganzen Nacht konstantem Ausstrahlungsschutz ein Temperatureffekt von 6° C erzielbar ist, wenn der Temperaturabfall zwischen Sonnenuntergang und Sonnenaufgang im ungeschützten Gelände 10°C beträgt. Es wird auf die Wichtigkeit einer guten Minimumprognose für eine rationell arbeitende Frostschutzorganisation hingewiesen und außerdem vor den allein auf der Taupunktstemperatur beruhenden Faustregeln gewarnt.

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Summary By means of a theoretically derived and practically experienced cooling formula the influence of fumigating and smoke-screening on the variation of the ground temperature is investigated for the special example of a calm frost-night in may. It is found that, with the present mode of applying clouding-methods, the full effect is never or only rarely reached, because it depends strongly on the time of the beginning of protection and on the actual vertical temperature distribution, which hitherto hardly was taken into account. Essential is also a constant and sufficiently high smoke or fog density over the entire region of frost origin.The calculated temperature effect is graphically represented from the beginning of the air troubling until the time of sunrise. Figure 3, for example, shows that, with a 50 per cent protection against outgoing radiation remaining constant during the whole night, a temperature effect of 6° C can be reached, if the decrease of temperature between sunset and sunrise is 10° C above unprotected ground. The author points out the importance of a good minimum forecast for an expediently working organisation for frost protection and warns against simplified rules based exclusively on the dew-point temperature.

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Résumé Se fondant sur une formule de refroidissement contrôlée par l'expérience, l'auteur étudie l'effet de fumées et de brouillards artificiels sur la marche de la température au niveau du sol au cours d'une nuit calme de gel en mai. Il constate que par les procédés actuels d'enfumage on n'obtient que très rarement le plein effet désiré, car celui-ci dépend de l'heure du début de l'expérience et de la répartition verticale de température régnant à ce moment de la nuit, ce que l'on a à peine considéré jusqu'ici. Il est important d'autre part que la couche de fumée ou de brouillard soit suffisamment épaisse et dense au-dessus de l'ensemble du domaine à protèger du gel.L'effet calculé sur la température dès le début de l'enfumage jusqu'au lever du soleil est représenté graphiquement; on peut lire p. ex. sur la figure 3 que par écran protecteur de 50% pendant toute la nuit on obtient un effet thermique protecteur de 6° lorsque la chute de température atteint 10° du coucher au lever du soleil en terrain non protégé. L'auteur insiste sur l'importance d'une bonne prévision des minima de température et déconseille l'emploi trop simple d'une règle fondée sur le seul point de rosée.

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Mit 3 Textabbildungen.  相似文献   

Isoseismals of the strongest Friuli aftershocks of September 1976     

Vít Kárník  Dana Procházková  Zdeňka Schenková  Julius Drimmel  Dieter Mayer-Rosa  Dragutin Cvijanovic  Vladimir Kuk  Andelka Miloševič  Francesco Giorgetti  Reviewer J. Janský 《Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica》1978,22(4):411-414

Summary Isoseismal maps of the three strongest Friuli aftershocks of September 1976 were compiled using the contributions from European countries within the shaken area. The characteristic features of the macroseismic fields are discussed.  相似文献   

On the assessment of maximum earthquakes in the alps and adjacent areas     

J. Drimmel 《Tectonophysics》1979,55(3-4)

Strong tectonic earthquakes within the crust always occur on already existing faults, and they have the property of a shear rupture. Such earthquakes with surface-wave magnitudes M < 7 obviously have a geometric similarity. Because of this similarity and the validity of the Gutenberg and Richter's energy—magnitude relation, the expression M = 2 log₁₀ L + const., with L = focal length, is valid.The expression L_maxL^* for the maximum focal length, is also valid if L^* is the length of the rectilinear extent of the seismic line on which the maximum earthquake occurs. The bounds of L^* may be given by sharp bends and/or by traversing deep faults. Thus the maximum imaginable earthquake on a seismic line with the length L^* has the magnitude M_max = 2 log₁₀ L^* + const.For the investigated region — the Alps and adjacent areas — from the data of recent and historical strong earthquakes, it follows that M_max = 2 log₁₀ L^* + 1.7, if L^* is measured in kilometres. These limiting values lie in the centre-field of the magnitude range for maximum earthquakes, published by Shebalin in 1970. By the aid of this equation it is also possible to assess the upper limiting value of the accompanying maximum scale intensity.  相似文献   

Dynamics of pelagic variables in two contrasting coastal systems in the western Hokkaido coast off Otaru port,Japan     

Julius I. Agboola  Mario Uchimiya  Isao Kudo  Kazuo Kido  Masato Osawa 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2010,86(3):477-484

Human impact on adjacent coastal waters, leading to alteration in nutritional environment and hence affecting phytoplankton biomass (Chlorophyll a), will probably be enhanced by the nearby presence of ports. The main goal of this study is to assess the influence of nearby presence of port on phytoplankton biomass build-up and the physical–chemical environmental characteristics in two contrasting coastal systems (Otaru port, S-IN and an exposed coastal area, S-OUT) in the western Hokkaido coast off Otaru port, Japan. Sampling was conducted on “bi-weekly and monthly” basis during the period of September 2006–December 2007 and data comprising 11 pelagic variables were obtained. In most instance, phytoplankton biomass, nutrients' (NH₄, NO₃, PO₄, and Si(OH)₄) concentrations and nutrients' molar ratios were higher at the Otaru port location. Physical parameters (temperature, salinity, hydrogen ion concentration (pH), photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and dissolved oxygen, (DO)) were not significantly different (P > 0.05) between the two locations. With the exception of salinity, pH and DIC, all variables measured showed significant variation (P < 0.05) with season. While the coefficient of variation (CV) of physical parameters and phytoplankton biomass were relatively higher in Otaru port location (S-IN), the exposed coastal location (S-OUT) showed a higher variation in chemical parameters. Other variables showed different patterns between the two locations. We conclude that ports, due to its activities and restricted circulation favour high nutrient loading and phytoplankton biomass build-up in adjacent coastal systems, thus, suggesting the need for continuous field observation data in order to advance our knowledge on possible future human impact on coastal environment and the need to monitor and control port activities.  相似文献   

A preliminary investigation of siliceous microfossil succession in late Quaternary sediments from Lake Baikal, Siberia     

M. L. Julius  E. F. Stoermer  S. M. Colman  T. C. Moore 《Journal of Paleolimnology》1997,18(2):189-206

Siliceous microfossil assemblage succession was analyzed in a 100 m sediment core from Lake Baikal, Siberia. The core was recovered from the lake's central basin at a water depth of 365 m. Microfossil abundance varied greatly within the intervals sampled, ranging from samples devoid of siliceous microfossils to samples with up to 3.49 × 10¹¹ microfossils g^-1 sediment. Fluctuations in abundance appear to reflect trends in the marine ¹⁸O record, with peak microfossil levels generally representing climate optima. Microfossil taxa present in sampled intervals changed considerably with core depth. Within each sample a small number of endemic diatom species dominated the assemblage. Changes in dominant endemic taxa between sampled intervals ranged from extirpation of some taxa, to shifts in quantitative abundance. Differences in microfossil composition and the association of variations in abundance with climate fluctuations suggest rapid speciation in response to major climatic excursions.  相似文献