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We present a study on human perception of map complexity, with the objective of better understanding design decisions that may lead to undesirable levels of complexity in web maps. We compare three complexity metrics to human ratings of complexity obtained through a user survey. Specifically, we use two algorithmic approaches published by others, which measure feature congestion (FC) and subband entropy (SE), as well as our own approach of counting object types rather than individual objects. We compare these metrics with each other as well as with human complexity ratings for three maps of the same area from map providers Google Maps, Bing Maps, and OpenStreetMap. Each map design is assessed at three different scales (levels of detail). We find that (1) the FC and SE metrics appear to be adequate predictors of what humans consider complex; (2) object-type counts are slightly less successful at predicting human-rated complexity, implying that clutter is more important in perceived complexity than diversity of symbology; and (3) generalization choices do impact human complexity ratings. These findings contribute to our understanding of what makes a map complex, with implications for designing maps that are easy to use. 相似文献
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Akbayram Kenan Bayrak Erdem Pamuk Eren Özer Çağlar Kıranşan Kemal Varolgüneş Sadık 《Natural Hazards》2022,114(1):825-847
The Genç District is located on the Bingöl Seismic Gap (BSG) of the Eastern Anatolian Fault Zone (EAFZ) with its?~?34.000 residents. The Karl?ova Triple Junction, where the EAFZ, the North Anatolian Fault Zone, and the Varto Fault Zone meet, is only 80 km NE of the Genç District. To make an earthquake disaster damage prediction of the Genç District, carrying a high risk of disaster, we have (1) prepared a new geological map, and (2) conducted a single-station microtremor survey. We defined that three SW-NE trending active faults of the sinistral Genç Fault Zone are cutting through the District. We have obtained dominant period (T) as?<?0.2 s, the amplification factor (A) between 8 and 10, the average shear wave velocity for the first 30 m (Vs30) as?<?300 m/s, and the seismic vulnerability index (Kg) as?>?20, in the central part of the Genç District. We have also prepared damage prediction maps for three bedrock acceleration values (0.25, 0.50, 0.75 g). Our earthquake damage prediction scenarios evidenced that as the bedrock acceleration values increase, the area of soil plastic behavior expands linearly. Here we report that if the average expected peak ground acceleration value (0.55–0.625 g) is exceeded during an earthquake, significant damage would be inevitable for the central part of the Genç District where most of the schools, mosques, public buildings, and hospitals are settled-down.
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The Aydintepe underground settlement in northeastern Turkey is a series of subsurface galleries carved in Eocene‐aged volcanic tuff. Rescue excavations conducted by the Local Archaeological Museum of Erzurum in 1996 and 1997 uncovered a large settlement with several underground rooms linked by passages. According to the excavators, it may have been built as a hideout and shelter by the first Christians who were banished by the Romans during the 3rd century A.D. Despite its historical and touristic value, parts of the underground settlement at Aydintepe have been destroyed to make room for the construction of new buildings in the modern town. As part of a conservation strategy for this important archaeological resource, a series of ground penetrating radar (GPR) and electrical resistivity measurements were conducted along eight profiles between 2003 and 2005. GPR soundings with a 100‐MHz unshielded antenna yielded reflected hyperbolic signals with high amplitude from tunnel structures. These highamplitude signals corresponded to areas of high electrical resistivity. These anomalies allow us to determine the probable locations of tunnels within the underground settlement and they provide important data that can be used to prevent future damage from modern construction. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
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Experimental Study on Hydrocarbon Formation Due to Reactions Between Carbonates and Water or Water—Bearing Minerals in Deep Earth 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
In order to investigate the mechanism of formation of abiogenetic hydrocarbons at the depth of the Earth,experimental research on reactions between carbonates and water or waterbearing minerals was carried out at the pressure of about 1GPa and the temperature range of 800-1500℃.The reactions took place in an open and nonequilibrium state.Chromatographic analyses of the gas products indicate that in the experiments there were generated CH4-dominated hydrocarbons,along with some CO2 and CO.Accordingly,we think there is no essential distinction between free-state water and hydroxy in the minerals in the process of hydrocarbon formation.This study indicates that reactions between carbonates and water or water-bearing minerals should be an important factor leading to the formation of abiogenetic hydrocarbons at the Earth‘s depth. 相似文献
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高温高压实验作为地球科学研究的重要方向之一,通过模拟地球深部的温度和压力条件,了解地球深部物质的物理化学性质、地球内部结构和动力学演化。角闪石属于双链硅酸盐矿物,为地幔岩石圈的重要组成,广泛分布在海洋地壳、俯冲板块、变质岩和火成岩中。作为俯冲带的重要含水矿物,角闪石的广泛分布和高温高压下的脱水对于理解俯冲带水含量以及水迁移具有重要作用,同时在俯冲带的地震活动、高电导率异常、地震波速异常和岩浆活动中扮演重要角色。在过去的近百年时间里,国内外学者对角闪石高温高压物理化学性质进行了大量的研究。角闪石具有非常复杂的元素组成和结构特征,由此也导致了不同角闪石物理化学性质存在显著不同,包括脱水与脱羟基反应中元素迁移的差异、角闪石形成与分解过程中碱性元素(K+Na)和H2O含量对热稳定的影响、不同空间群结构下的高压结构相变、原位条件下不同结晶方向的电导率异常、不同结晶学优选方位(CPO)下的波速异常等。已有的研究对于角闪石的物理化学性质以及其在俯冲带中发挥的作用有了比较清楚的认识,但仍然有许多问题需要进一步研究,如角闪石的高压脱水动力学、热物性和变形机制等。 相似文献
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The November 3, 2002 Denali-Alaska earthquake (Mw=7.9) caused significant liquefaction associated damage to various infrastructure built on fine-grained soils. The seismic response, liquefaction potential, and excess pore pressure generation of soils in cold regions, especially those of fine-grained nature, have not been studied thoroughly and therefore are not well-understood. This paper presents results from an extensive laboratory study on the characteristics of excess pore pressure generation and liquefaction potential of fine-grained soils. Laboratory-constituted soils specimens were tested in four categories: (1) tests on specimens subjected to no thermal conditioning or freeze–thaw cycles; (2) tests on specimens conditioned at 24, 5, 1, 0.5, and −0.2 °C; (3) tests on specimens subjected to 1–4 freeze–thaw cycles; and (4) tests on specimens conditioned at near-freezing temperatures of 0.5 and −0.2 °C through different freeze–thaw paths. Strain-controlled, undrained, cyclic triaxial tests were performed at shear strain levels of 0.005–0.8%. Specimens conditioned at different temperatures were found to generate significantly different pore pressures with cyclic loading. The excess pore pressure generation at near or slightly below freezing was found to change dramatically. A transitional change in the dynamic soil behavior, attributed to unfrozen- or frozen-dominant pore water, was discovered. The threshold shear strain was also found to be influenced by the temperature. Subjecting the soil specimens to 1, 2 and 4 freeze–thaw cycles caused a reduction in excess pore pressure generation and slight change in the threshold shear strain. The temperature conditioning path to reach the target temperature was found to be important on the development of excess pore pressure at near and slightly below-freezing temperatures. 相似文献
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Cao Kenan Dong Mingtan She Zhenbing Xiao Qian Wang Xinyi Qian Yuqi Li Yiheng Wang Zaicong He Qi Wu Xiang Zong Keqing Hu Zhaochu Xiao Long 《中国科学:地球科学(英文版)》2022,65(9):1704-1714
Science China Earth Sciences - The successful return of lunar soil samples from the northern Oceanus Procellarum by the Chang’E 5 (CE-5) mission has provided unprecedented ground-truth... 相似文献
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根据库车河剖面三叠－侏罗系干酪根显微组分的分布特点，将干酪根显微组分划分为５种组合和12种亚组合，结合沉积特征等资料推测每一种亚组合所对应的沉积环境。根据孢粉化石母体植物的生态习性推测三叠－侏罗系沉积时期古气候的变化规律是：由半干旱（俄霍布拉克组）→半潮湿（克拉玛依组下段）→潮湿（克拉玛依组上段－克孜勒努尔组下段）→半干旱、半潮湿（克孜勒努尔组上段－恰克马克组）→半干旱（齐古组、喀拉扎组）；由热带、亚热带型气候（俄霍布拉克组－塔里奇克组）→亚热带－暖温带型气候（阿合组－克孜勒努尔组）→亚热带型气候（恰克马克组－喀拉扎组）。根据干酪根显微组分、沉积特征等资料推测俄霍布拉克组、克拉玛依组上部标志层段、黄山街组二－四段中、下部、阳霞组上部标志层段和恰克马克组为该区三叠－侏罗纪五个主要的湖泊（滨浅湖、半深湖－深湖）发育期；齐古组为洪泛湖泊发育期；塔里奇克组、阳霞组下段和克孜勒努尔组为三个主要的沼泽（以河沼为主，如岸后沼泽、分流间沼泽等）发育期。 相似文献