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J. Hawreliak J. Colvin J. Eggert D. H. Kalantar H. E. Lorenzana S. Pollaine K. Rosolankova B. A. Remington J. Stölken J. S. Wark 《Astrophysics and Space Science》2007,307(1-3):285-289
X-ray diffraction is a widely used technique for measuring the crystal structure of a compressed material. Recently, short
pulse x-ray sources have been used to measure the crystal structure in-situ while a sample is being dynamically loaded. To
reach the ultra high pressures that are unattainable in static experiments at temperatures lower than using shock techniques,
shockless quasi-isentropic compression is required. Shockless compression has been demonstrated as a successful means of accessing
high pressures. The National Ignition Facility (NIF), which will begin doing high pressure material science in 2010, it should
be possible to reach over 2 TPa quasi-isentropically. This paper outlines how x-ray diffraction could be used to study the
crystal structure in laser driven, shocklessly compressed targets the same way it has been used in shock compressed samples.
A simulation of a shockless laser driven iron is used to generate simulated diffraction signals, and recent experimental results
are presented. 相似文献
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Casey Bosse Gunther Rosen Marienne Colvin Patrick Earley Robert Santore Ignacio Rivera-Duarte 《Marine pollution bulletin》2014
The bioavailability and toxicity of copper (Cu) in Shelter Island Yacht Basin (SIYB), San Diego, CA, USA, was assessed with simultaneous toxicological, chemical, and modeling approaches. Toxicological measurements included laboratory toxicity testing with Mytilus galloprovincialis (Mediterranean mussel) embryos added to both site water (ambient) and site water spiked with multiple Cu concentrations. Chemical assessment of ambient samples included total and dissolved Cu concentrations, and Cu complexation capacity measurements. Modeling was based on chemical speciation and predictions of bioavailability and toxicity using a marine Biotic Ligand Model (BLM). Cumulatively, these methods assessed the natural buffering capacity of Cu in SIYB during singular wet and dry season sampling events. Overall, the three approaches suggested negligible bioavailability, and isolated observed or predicted toxicity, despite an observed gradient of increasing Cu concentration, both horizontally and vertically within the water body, exceeding current water quality criteria for saltwater. 相似文献
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The impact of water-borne disease in South Africa is significant. An estimated 43,000 deaths per annum, including 20% of deaths in the 1-5 years age group, are directly attributable to diarrhoeal diseases. Drinking water quality provision in many rural areas is substandard. This paper describes the results of sampling drinking water supplies in rural communities in the Western and Eastern Cape, South Africa. The majority of samples collected failed microbial drinking water quality standards. Overall, schemes dependent on groundwater provided a worse quality water at point of use than surface-water-dependant schemes. This is thought to be the result of pump breakdown, deterioration of the storage and reticulation system, and insufficient monitoring and management of the schemes. Importantly, it is shown that the implementation of well-considered, community accepted drinking-water quality management procedures can effectively change an unacceptable water quality to one that satisfies drinking-water specifications. 相似文献
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