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This article presents a method for estimating chemical thermodynamic constants from experimental data using the two computer programs UCODE_2005 and PHREEQC. As an example, the conditional stability constant for lead (Pb) complexation by a remediation agent (carboxymethyl-beta-cyclodextrin) is estimated, but the method can be applied to estimate other thermodynamic parameters such as sorption constants and degradation rate constants. Advantages of this technique include estimation of uncertainties associated with estimated parameters, evaluation of information content of observations, statistical evaluation of the appropriateness of the conceptual model, and statistical-based comparison of different models. 相似文献
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A methodology is proposed to quantify prediction uncertainty associated with ground water vulnerability models that were developed through an approach that coupled multivariate logistic regression with a geographic information system (GIS). This method uses Latin hypercube sampling (LHS) to illustrate the propagation of input error and estimate uncertainty associated with the logistic regression predictions of ground water vulnerability. Central to the proposed method is the assumption that prediction uncertainty in ground water vulnerability models is a function of input error propagation from uncertainty in the estimated logistic regression model coefficients (model error) and the values of explanatory variables represented in the GIS (data error). Input probability distributions that represent both model and data error sources of uncertainty were simultaneously sampled using a Latin hypercube approach with logistic regression calculations of probability of elevated nonpoint source contaminants in ground water. The resulting probability distribution represents the prediction intervals and associated uncertainty of the ground water vulnerability predictions. The method is illustrated through a ground water vulnerability assessment of the High Plains regional aquifer. Results of the LHS simulations reveal significant prediction uncertainties that vary spatially across the regional aquifer. Additionally, the proposed method enables a spatial deconstruction of the prediction uncertainty that can lead to improved prediction of ground water vulnerability. 相似文献
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Two high value species, yellowtail kingfish (Seriola lalandi) and hāpuku (groper, Polyprion oxygeneios), have been identified as suitable new candidates for New Zealand aquaculture. This paper reviews the research by NIWA and collaborators conducted to test the biological, technological and economic feasibility of farming these two species. NIWA now has the capability to produce sufficient kingfish fingerlings per year to meet the needs of the early stages of an industry. Advances in hāpuku aquaculture have also been significant, from spawning in captivity through to the selection of juveniles for improved growth. Recently, the first spawning of captive hāpuku F1 broodstock and production of F2 eggs, larvae and juveniles was achieved. Although hāpuku larval survival remains variable, the ability to close the life cycle, and the availability of domesticated broodstock, provide a significant step forward and increase the chances of this species being commercially farmed. 相似文献
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JN Kathena A Kokkalis MW Pedersen JE Beyer UH Thygesen 《African Journal of Marine Science》2018,40(3):293-302
There is global interest in providing scientific advice on optimal harvesting of all commercially exploited fish stocks. Nevertheless, many commercially important stocks lack analytical assessments. Therefore, we evaluate a data-moderate stock assessment method: the stochastic surplus production model in continuous time (SPiCT). The method was applied to two Namibian stocks: (i) the data-rich Cape monkfish Lophius vomerinus, where results are compared to a new data-rich assessment using a state–space assessment model (SAM); and (ii) the data-moderate west coast sole Austroglossus microlepis, which is an important bycatch species in the Cape monkfish fishery, but currently unassessed. The information available to the data-moderate assessment is total commercial catch, commercial catch per unit effort (CPUE), and survey CPUE. SPiCT and SAM gave largely consistent estimates of relative fishing mortality (F/FMSY) and relative exploitable biomass (B/BMSY) for the Cape monkfish stock, although with some discrepancies. Differences in the biomass estimates between the two assessments suggest that further investigation is required to understand the cause, and that some caution is necessary when considering the biomass of the stock. SPiCT shows that the west coast sole may be overexploited, although the confidence bounds were too wide for a firm conclusion. Similarity in the estimates of F/FMSY for Cape monkfish in recent years, using SPiCT relative to SAM, likewise indicates the suitability of SPiCT for managing west coast sole. 相似文献
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Shallow aquifers can cross-contaminate deeper aquifers through penetration of an intervening aquitard, via sandy intervals in the aquitard, along well casings, across long well screens, or around aquitard pinchouts. Distinguishing among these potential pathways requires the use of evaluation tools that may support or eliminate certain pathways. These tools include groundwater gradient and aquitard penetration calculations, aquifer pumping test interpretation techniques, chemical concentration plots and statistical methods, hydraulic conductivity-based travel time calculations, pumping-concentration tests, methods for evaluating leaky wells, and methods for evaluating aquitard continuity. Based on analysis of several of these techniques at three sites experiencing aquifer cross-contamination, the authors conclude that calculation of flow rates for various pathways is the single most useful method to confirm or refute specific pathways. Evaluation of leaky wells and aquitard continuity generally must be coupled with other tools to adequately test specific pathways. While fingerprinting, statistical analysis or ratio analysis of contaminants from various sources and receptors was not completed for any of the evaluated sites, the authors believe that these techniques have strong potential for confirming or eliminating pathways. Future research in this area is suggested. Furthermore, the interpretation of pumping-concentration tests is not well developed and needs further assessment.
Resumen Acuíferos someros pueden ocasionar contaminación transversal de acuíferos profundos mediante la penetración de un acuitardo intermedio, a través de intervalos arenosos en el acuitardo, a lo largo del revestimiento de pozos, o en las inmediaciones de lentes de acuitardos. Para distinguir entre estas trayectorias potenciales se requiere el uso de herramientas de evaluación que pueden apoyar o eliminar ciertas trayectorias. Estas herramientas incluyen cálculos de gradientes de agua subterránea y penetración de acuitardos, técnicas de interpretación de pruebas de bombeo de acuíferos, diagramas de concentración química y métodos estadísticos, estimaciones de conductividad hidráulica en base al tiempo de viaje, pruebas de concentración de bombeo, métodos para evaluar pozos con fugas, y métodos para evaluar la continuidad de acuitardos. Basándose en el análisis de varias de estas técnicas en tres sitios que experimentan contaminación transversal de acuíferos, los autores concluyen que la estimación de ritmos de flujo para varias trayectorias es el único método más útil para confirmar o rechazar trayectorias de flujo específicas. La evaluación de pozos con fugas y continuidad de acuitardos generalmente debe estar acompañada con otras herramientas para probar adecuadamente trayectorias específicas. Aunque no se completó para ninguno de los sitios evaluados técnicas de huellas, análisis estadístico o análisis de relaciones de contaminantes de varias fuentes y receptores, los autores creen que estas técnicas tienen fuerte potencial en la confirmación o eliminación de trayectorias. Se sugiere investigación futura en esta área. Además, la interpretación de pruebas de concentración de bombeo no se ha desarrollado bien y necesita evaluación posterior.
Résumé Les aquifères de surface peuvent contaminer les aquifères plus profonds à travers un aquitard, un intersection sableuse dans laquitard, le long des forages et de leur crépines, ou de la terminaison biseautée des aquitards. Distinguer et sélectionner ces différents modes de contamination nécessite lutilisation doutils dévaluation. Ces outils incluent le gradient découlement des eaux souterraines et le calcul de pénétration des aquitards, les techniques dinterprétation des essais de pompage, les méthodes dinterprétation chimiques et de traitement statistique, les calculs des temps de transferts sur base de la conductivité, les tests de pompage couplé aux analyses de concentration, les méthodes pour évaluer linfiltration directe alimentant les forages, et les méthodes permettant dévaluer la continuité des aquitards. Basé sur lanalyse de plusieurs de ces techniques sur trois sites expérimentales présentant des contaminations transversale, les auteurs concluent que le calcul des rapports découlement est la méthode la plus simple pour confirmer ou refuser les voies spécifiques. Alors que le traçage, les analyses statistiques et les analyses de la contamination provenant de différentes sources et récepteurs nétait pas complètes pour la plus part des différents sites évalués nétaient pas compléments certains, les auteurs croient que ces techniques ont un potentiel fort pour confirmer ou éliminer ces techniques. Des recherches futures dans cette zone est suggérée. Par ailleurs, linterprétation des tests de pompage couplés à lanalyse des concentrations nest pas développée et nécessite de meilleurs estimations.相似文献
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E. ŽÁČKOVÁ J. KONOPÁSEK P. JEŘÁBEK F. FINGER J. KOŠLER 《Journal of Metamorphic Geology》2010,28(4):361-379
The metamorphic evolution of micaschists in the north‐eastern part of the Saxothuringian Domain in the Central European Variscides is characterized by the early high‐pressure M1 assemblage with chloritoid in cores of large garnet porphyroblasts and a Grt–Chl–Phe–Qtz ± Pg M2 assemblage in the matrix. Minerals of the M1–M2 stage were overprinted by the low‐pressure M3 assemblage Ab–Chl–Ms–Qtz ± Ep. Samples with the best‐preserved M1–M2 mineralogy mostly appear in domains dominated by the earlier D1 deformation phase and are only weakly affected by subsequent D2 overprint. Thermodynamic modelling suggests that mineral assemblages record peak‐pressure conditions of ≥18–19 kbar at 460–520 °C (M1) followed by isothermal decompression 10.5–13.5 kbar (M2) and final decompression to <8.5 kbar and <480 °C (M3). The calculated peak P–T conditions indicate a high‐pressure/low‐temperature apparent thermal gradient of ～7–7.5 °C km?1. Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry isotopic dating and electron microprobe chemical dating of monazite from the M1–M2 mineral assemblages give ages of 330 ± 10 and 328 ± 6 Ma, respectively, which are interpreted as the timing of a peak pressure to early decompression stage. The observed metamorphic record and timing of metamorphism in the studied metapelites show striking similarities with the evolution of the central and south‐western parts of the Saxothuringian Domain and suggest a common tectonic evolution along the entire eastern flank of the Saxothuringian Domain during the Devonian–Carboniferous periods. 相似文献
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McCray JE Tick GR Jawitz JW Gierke JS Brusseau ML Falta RW Knox RC Sabatini DA Annable MD Harwell JH Wood AL 《Ground water》2011,49(5):727-744
Innovative remediation studies were conducted between 1994 and 2004 at sites contaminated by nonaqueous phase liquids (NAPLs) at Hill and Dover AFB, and included technologies that mobilize, solubilize, and volatilize NAPL: air sparging (AS), surfactant flushing, cosolvent flooding, and flushing with a complexing-sugar solution. The experiments proved that aggressive remedial efforts tailored to the contaminant can remove more than 90% of the NAPL-phase contaminant mass. Site-characterization methods were tested as part of these field efforts, including partitioning tracer tests, biotracer tests, and mass-flux measurements. A significant reduction in the groundwater contaminant mass flux was achieved despite incomplete removal of the source. The effectiveness of soil, groundwater, and tracer based characterization methods may be site and technology specific. Employing multiple methods can improve characterization. The studies elucidated the importance of small-scale heterogeneities on remediation effectiveness, and fomented research on enhanced-delivery methods. Most contaminant removal occurs in hydraulically accessible zones, and complete removal is limited by contaminant mass stored in inaccessible zones. These studies illustrated the importance of understanding the fluid dynamics and interfacial behavior of injected fluids on remediation design and implementation. The importance of understanding the dynamics of NAPL-mixture dissolution and removal was highlighted. The results from these studies helped researchers better understand what processes and scales are most important to include in mathematical models used for design and data analysis. Finally, the work at these sites emphasized the importance and feasibility of recycling and reusing chemical agents, and enabled the implementation and success of follow-on full-scale efforts. 相似文献