排序方式： 共有6条查询结果，搜索用时 0 毫秒
1
1.
Anna Scolobig Nadejda Komendantova Anthony Patt Charlotte Vinchon Daniel Monfort-Climent Mendy Begoubou-Valerius Paolo Gasparini Angela Di Ruocco 《Natural Hazards》2014,73(3):1523-1545
Technical and institutional capacities are strongly related and must be jointly developed to guarantee effective natural risk governance. Indeed, the available technical solutions and decision support tools influence the development of institutional frameworks and disaster policies. This paper analyses technical and institutional capacities, by providing a comparative evaluation of governance systems in Italy and France. The focus is on two case studies: Naples and Guadeloupe. Both areas are exposed to multiple hazards, including earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, landslides, floods, tsunamis, fires, cyclones, and marine inundations Cascade and conjoint effects such as seismic swarms triggered by volcanic activity have also been taken into account. The research design is based on a documentary analysis of laws and policy documents informed by semi-structured interviews and focus groups with stakeholders at the local level. This leads to the identification of three sets of governance characteristics that cover the key issues of: (1) stakeholders and governance level; (2) decision support tools and mitigation measures; and (3) stakeholder cooperation and communication. The results provide an overview of the similarities and differences as well as the strengths and weaknesses of the governance systems across risks. Both case studies have developed adequate decision support tools for most of the hazards of concern. Warning systems, and the assessment of hazards and exposure are the main strengths. While technical/scientific capacities are very well developed, the main weaknesses involve the interagency communication and cooperation, and the use and dissemination of scientific knowledge when developing policies and practices. The consequences for multi-risk governance are outlined in the discussion. 相似文献
2.
Inter-annual and seasonal variations of energy and water vapour fluxes above a Pinus sylvestris forest in the Siberian middle taiga 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
3.
The emission targets adopted in the Kyoto Protocol1 far exceed thelikely level of emissions from Russia and Ukraine. These countries could selltheir surplus if the Protocol is followedand industrialized countries establish an international emission tradingsystem. Critics have condemned the potentialsale and dubbed the surplus hot air because it does not represent anyreduction in emissions below the level thatwould have occurred anyway. Using the most recent, comprehensive regionalscenarios2 for the emissions of carbon dioxide from the energysystem, we estimate that during the Protocol's2008–2012 budget period the surplus will range from 9 MtC (milliontons of carbon) to 900 MtC for Russia andfrom 3 MtC to 200 MtC for Ukraine. Even scenarios with high economic growthand carbon-intensive technologies donot exhaust the surplus before the budget period. In the central (middlecourse) scenario, the total carbon surplusexceeds 1000 MtC and is worth 22 to 170 billion U.S. dollars (4 to 34 billionU.S. dollars per year). This flow ofrevenues, which could exceed Russian earnings from natural gas exports($10 billion in 19973), is comparable with the projectedtotal investmentsof the Russian energy system for 2008–2012. If directed towardslow-carbon infrastructure investments (e.g., gaspipelines), surplus transfers could reinforce and partially lock-indecarbonization of the world energy system. 相似文献
4.
5.
The challenge of making the transition to a sustainable energy regime is not limited to engineering; it has important social and political dimensions. Therefore, implementation of new technologies, such as carbon capture and storage (CCS), requires not only economic and technical capacities but also an understanding of social factors. These factors include experts’ views and risk perceptions. Understanding them will contribute to the risk governance of CCS by demonstrating who is concerned about what and why with respect to CCS and how risk perception and stakeholders’ concerns vary in different countries. This research is based on analysis and mapping of data collected from case studies of three countries: Germany, Norway and Finland. Our analysis shows that in countries where opposition to CCS is the strongest, like Germany, risk perceptions can be driven by such factors such as the lack of trust and doubts about the need of the project. At the same time as in countries with moderate opposition, such as Norway or Finland, risk perceptions are more connected with the risk for investment. We also conclude that the strongest polarization in risk perceptions is among NGOs in different countries, followed by scientists. The positions of private sector stakeholders and government are more homogenous. Such large variation in risk perceptions of experts could be influenced by several factors, including cultural orientation, attitudes and views of stakeholders, and the social, political and technical settings for deployment of technology in each country. 相似文献
6.
Geostrophic turbulence is a key paradigm in the current understanding of the large-scale planetary circulations. It implies
that a flow is turbulent, rotating, stably stratified, and in near-geostrophic balance. When a small-scale forcing is present,
geostrophic turbulence features an inverse energy cascade. When the meridional variation of the Coriolis parameter (or a β-effect) is included, the horizontal flow symmetry breaks down giving rise to the emergence of jet flows. The presence of
a large-scale drag ensures that the flow attains a steady state. Dependent on the governing parameters, four steady-state
flow regimes are possible, two of which are considered in this study. In one of these regimes, a flow is dominated by the
drag while in the other one, the recently discovered regime of zonostrophic turbulence, a flow becomes strongly anisotropic
and features slowly evolving systems of alternating zonal jets. Zonostrophic turbulence is distinguished by anisotropic inverse
energy cascade and emergence of a new class of nonlinear waves known as zonons. In addition, meridional scalar diffusion is
strongly modified in this regime. This paper provides an overview of various regimes of turbulence with a β-effect, elaborates main characteristics of friction-dominated and zonostrophic turbulence, elucidates the physical nature
of the zonons, discusses the meridional diffusion processes in different regimes, and relates these results to oceanic observations. 相似文献
1