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1.
Arthur P. S. Reymer Alan Matthews Oded Navon 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1984,85(4):336-345
Geothermobarometry using continuous equilibria in pelitic rocks of the central and northeastern Wadi Kid areas, Sinai, yields pressure estimates of 320 MPa (3.2 kbar) and temperature estimates of 565° C and >620° C for staurolite-andalusite zone assemblages and anatectic rocks, respectively. This corresponds to geothermal gradients of 47° C/km and 50° C/km. TheseP-T conditions are shown to be compatible with burial under a volcanic cover. The principal heat source for high-grade metamorphism and anatexis is thought to be rising magmatic diapirs. Uplift was relatively slow and the final stages of heating and early stages of cooling probably occurred isobarically. The data imply a high heat flow regime for the Pan-African event in Sinai. 相似文献
2.
The major advantage of the oxygen in phosphate isotope paleothermometry is that it is a system which records temperatures with great sensitivity while bone (and teeth) building organisms are alive, and the record is nearly perfectly preserved after death. Fish from seven water bodies of different temperatures (3–23°C) and different δ18O (values ?16 to +3) of the water were analysed. The δ18O values of the analysed PO4 vary from 6 to 25. The system passed the following tests: (a) the temperatures deduced from isotopic analyses of the sequence of fish from Lake Baikal are in good agreement with the temperatures measured in the thermally stratified lake; (b) the isotopic composition of fish bone phosphate is not influenced by the isotopic composition of the phosphate which is fed to the fish, but only by temperature and water composition.Isotopic analysis of fossil fish in combination with analysis of mammal bones should be a useful tool in deciphering continental paleoclimates. 相似文献
3.
Fluid inclusions in diamonds from the Diavik mine, Canada and the evolution of diamond-forming fluids 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
The analysis of micro-inclusions in fibrous diamonds from the Diavik mine, Canada revealed the presence of high density fluids (HDFs) that span a continuous compositional range between carbonatitic and saline end-members. The carbonatitic end-member is rich in Na, Ca, Mg, Fe, Ba and carbonate; the saline one is rich in K, Cl and water. In molar proportions, the composition of the saline end-member is: K38Na7.7Ca1.8Mg1.6Fe1.5Ba1.9SiO3.1Cl46(CO3)5.5(H2O)56 and that of the carbonatitic end member is: K15Na21Ca6.7Mg8.1Fe6.2Ba5.7Si4.8Ti1.4Al1.9O17Cl29(CO3)29(H2O)29. The micro-inclusions in one diamond span a narrow range between a silicic end-member (rich in Si, K and water) and a carbonatitic one (rich in Mg, Ca, Fe and carbonate). Its average composition is: K26Na5.5Ca13.8Mg8.3Fe9.6Ba0.9P2.5Si25Ti1.6Al3.8Cl2.5O81(CO3)29(H2O)78. Thus, the Diavik diamonds span most of the known compositional range for fluids trapped in diamonds. Based on these data and previous analyses of fluids trapped in diamonds, we discuss possible models for the evolution of diamond-forming fluids. The most plausible model is where carbonatitic-HDFs are parental to all the other compositions. They evolve by fractionation of divalentions- and alkali-carbonates and by immiscible separation into saline- and silicic-HDFs. Each phase continues to evolve separately, crystallizing carbonates, diamond, and accessory silicates, phosphates, halides and more of the immiscible phase. Other processes, like the mixing of evolved fluids with fresh parental carbonatitic fluids, or metasomatic interactions with the wallrock also play a role in the evolution of the HDFs. We also propose that the parental carbonatitic-HDF evolves through fractional crystallization of an alkali-rich, low degree melt that is similar to the high pressure parental melts of kimberlites or lamproites. 相似文献
4.
This work studies the effects of long human habitation on site geotechnical conditions. It is focused on the city of Zefat that is located on the borders of the Dead Sea Transform in northern Israel. The city of Zefat, suffered severe damage and loss of life in historical earthquakes, as a consequence of earthquake induced landslides (EILS). In this work we evaluate the current EILS hazard for the city of Zefat using a GIS-based regional Newmark analysis, with calibration of the calculated Newmark displacement (representing EILS hazard) using maps of field evidence and historical documents testifying to slope instability that occurred in historical earthquakes.
We found that the core city of Zefat is built on a layered anthropogenic material, few meters deep which, was deposited as a result of more than 2000 years of human habitation. The anthropogenic material is mechanically weak, susceptible to slope failure and to amplification of seismic-shaking. It is responsible for the city's devastation in historical earthquakes and it is the source for the current high seismic hazard as well.
Our model shows that earthquakes of magnitudes (Mw) 5, 6 and 7 at distances of up to 10 km, 50 km and more than 100 km, respectively, are likely to induce landslides in the core city of Zefat. The current engineering status of the city is poor, and as a consequence severe damage and loss of life are expected in future earthquakes due to EILS, unless major engineering efforts are made. Cities in the Eastern Mediterranean with comparable long habitation histories (e.g., Jerusalem, Tiberias, Nablus, Amman) are expected to have similar geotechnical problems in their old sections and are advised to take appropriate engineering steps to reduce damage and loss of life in future earthquakes.
Evaluation of historical earthquake magnitudes based on reported local-damage may, however, lead to overestimated magnitudes where the damaged sites are built on anthropogenic talus (a common setting in the vicinity of the Dead Sea Transform). 相似文献
5.
6.
Jerusalem was hit by earthquakes several times in its history, in the course of which none of the holy sites of the three
main faiths of the western world escaped damage. Intensities of the last ML 6.2, July 11, 1927 Dead Sea earthquake, reached MSK VIII in the Old City of Jerusalem and the surrounding villages. As future
strong earthquakes are inevitable, the need for the evaluation of earthquake-related hazards is obvious. Only general geotechnical
properties of the section exposed in the mountainous area of Jerusalem are available; therefore, the hazard assessment was
conducted from a geological perspective. The hazards identified in this study are: (1) amplification of seismic acceleration
due to soft rock and soil conditions; (2) amplification due to mountainous topography; (3) dynamic instability of natural
slopes; and (4) potential failure of slopes that have undergone engineering development and were weakened due to damaging,
steepening, overloading, and wetting beyond their natural state. We formulated relative grades of vulnerability for each of
the hazards and delineated the zones that require further specific investigation. For practical use we constructed a summary
map that combines the different hazard categories. Looking at the summary map, the ground at the central N–S axis zone across
Jerusalem is the least vulnerable. The bedrock there is mostly hard carbonate, the topography is mild, and thus only the alluvial
cover, if thicker than 3 m, should be considered sensitive. Yet although the natural hazard in this area is limited, the risk
should not be underrated. Much of the city lies there, including buildings constructed before antiseismic codes were regulated,
and traditional engineering practice should not be taken for granted as antiseismic proof either. Eastwards, the shear wave
velocity (Vs) contrast between the hard and soft rocks as well as the notable topography in places, impose the potential for
amplification. Slopes, either naturally or artificially cutting into the soft chalk, may expose the area to dynamic instability;
thus, the ongoing extensive development of the city in this direction should certainly take into account all of this. West
of the central axis, the potential of failure of both steep natural and urbanized slopes appears. Being a plausible direction
for future urban expansion, these areas specifically call for careful environmental and engineering planning. For engineering
purposes, however, a specific site investigation is still necessary. Nevertheless, the summary map established in this study
sets up for Jerusalem, for the first time, a practical tool for environmental and municipal planning, emergency response planning,
and civil protection. 相似文献
7.
The influence of the URCA process (β-decay, electron capture) on convective stability is investigated and a stability criterion is derived. The criterion contains the Schwarzschild criterion and the thermohaline convection. It is found that URCA may cause convective instability to an otherwise stable medium, but it cannot stabilize an unstable medium, only the growth rate is affected. A numerical example for the Na23?Ne23 URCA pair shows the regions in the ?-T plane where instability is caused (assuming given abundances of the isotopes). The evolution of C-O core of an evolved 3.5M ⊙–8M ⊙ star may be affected by formation of convective regions even prior to C12 ignition. 相似文献
8.
Summary The design of adaptive observations strategies must account for the particular properties of the data assimilation method. A new adjoint sensitivity approach to the targeted observations problem is proposed in the context of four-dimensional variational data assimilation (4D-Var). The method is based on a periodic update of the adjoint sensitivity field that takes into account the interaction between time distributed adaptive and routine observations. Information provided by all previously located observations is used to identify best locations for new targeted observations. Adaptive observations at distinct instants in time are selected in a sequential manner such that the method is only suboptimal. The selection algorithm proceeds backward in time and requires only one additional adjoint model integration in the assimilation window. Therefore, the method is very efficient and is suitable for practical applications. A comparative performance analysis is presented using the traditional adjoint sensitivity method as well as the total energy singular vectors technique as alternative adaptive strategies. Numerical experiments are performed in the twin experiments framework using a two-dimensional global shallow water model in spherical coordinates and an explicit Turkel-Zwas discretization scheme. Data from a NASA 500mb analysis valid for 00Z 16 Mar 2001 6h obtained with the GEOS-3 model was used to specify the geopotential height at the initial time and the initial velocities were obtained from a geostrophic balance. Numerical results show that the new adaptive observations approach is a promising method for targeted observations and its implementation is feasible for large scale atmospheric models. 相似文献
9.
An asymptotic treatment of thin accretion disks, introduced by Kluźniak and Kita [Kluźniak, W., Kita, D., 2000. Three-dimensional structure of an alpha accretion disk. Available from: <arXiv:astro-ph/0006266v1> (KK)] for a steady-state disk flow, is extended to a time-dependent problem. Transient growth of axisymmetric disturbances is analytically shown to occur on the global disk scale. The implications of this result on the theory of hydrodynamical thin accretion disks, as well as future prospects, are discussed. 相似文献
10.
This study experimentally investigates the nonlinear response stability and transition behaviour of a submerged, moored ocean structural system which consists of a spherical buoy and attached multi-point mooring lines. The system is excited by a periodic wave field in a closed channel. System nonlinearities include complex geometric restoring (stiffness) force and coupled fluid-system interaction exciting forces. Experimental set-up, operating procedures and analysis of the measured results are presented. Characteristic motions observed include harmonic, subharmonic and ultraharmonic responses, which demonstrate a signature of the intricate pattern of the nonlinear global behaviour. Good agreements between the measured and most predicted responses are demonstrated in both time and frequency domains. These results confirm the validity of the analytical model presented and calibrate the accuracy of the existing numerical predictions. Primary and secondary resonances in the response are identified via frequency response curves. Response bifurcation cascades are observed in the experimental results and the possible existence of higher-order nonlinear responses is inferred. 相似文献