Scientists' warning on extreme wildfire risks to water supply     

François-Nicolas Robinne  Dennis W. Hallema  Kevin D. Bladon  Mike D. Flannigan  Gabrielle Boisramé  Christian M. Bréthaut  Stefan H. Doerr  Giuliano Di Baldassarre  Louise A. Gallagher  Amanda K. Hohner  Stuart J. Khan  Alicia M. Kinoshita  Rua Mordecai  João Pedro Nunes  Petter Nyman  Cristina Santín  Gary Sheridan  Cathelijne R. Stoof  Matthew P. Thompson  James M. Waddington  Yu Wei 《水文研究》2021,35(5):e14086

2020 is the year of wildfire records. California experienced its three largest fires early in its fire season. The Pantanal, the largest wetland on the planet, burned over 20% of its surface. More than 18 million hectares of forest and bushland burned during the 2019–2020 fire season in Australia, killing 33 people, destroying nearly 2500 homes, and endangering many endemic species. The direct cost of damages is being counted in dozens of billion dollars, but the indirect costs on water-related ecosystem services and benefits could be equally expensive, with impacts lasting for decades. In Australia, the extreme precipitation (“200 mm day −1 in several location”) that interrupted the catastrophic wildfire season triggered a series of watershed effects from headwaters to areas downstream. The increased runoff and erosion from burned areas disrupted water supplies in several locations. These post-fire watershed hazards via source water contamination, flash floods, and mudslides can represent substantial, systemic long-term risks to drinking water production, aquatic life, and socio-economic activity. Scenarios similar to the recent event in Australia are now predicted to unfold in the Western USA. This is a new reality that societies will have to live with as uncharted fire activity, water crises, and widespread human footprint collide all-around of the world. Therefore, we advocate for a more proactive approach to wildfire-watershed risk governance in an effort to advance and protect water security. We also argue that there is no easy solution to reducing this risk and that investments in both green (i.e., natural) and grey (i.e., built) infrastructure will be necessary. Further, we propose strategies to combine modern data analytics with existing tools for use by water and land managers worldwide to leverage several decades worth of data and knowledge on post-fire hydrology.  相似文献   

Hydrodynamical Simulations of Molecular Dynamics in Supersonic Turbulent Flow     

Georgi Pavlovski  Michael D. Smith  Mordecai–Mark Mac Low  Alexander Rosen 《Astrophysics and Space Science》2004,292(1-4):69-75

Here we present results from simulations of turbulence in star forming environments obtained by coupling three-dimensional hydrodynamical models with appropriate chemical processes. We investigate regimes of decaying high-speed molecular turbulence. Here we analyse PDFs of density for the volume, mass, molecular mass and the energy distribution over the range of scales. We compare our results to those previously obtained for isothermal turbulence and suggest possible explanations.  相似文献   

Compositional changes in sediments of subalpine lakes,Uinta Mountains (Utah): evidence for the effects of human activity on atmospheric dust inputs     

Richard L. Reynolds  Jessica S. Mordecai  Joseph G. Rosenbaum  Michael E. Ketterer  Megan K. Walsh  Katrina A. Moser 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2010,44(1):161-175

Sediments in Marshall and Hidden Lakes in the Uinta Mountains of northeastern Utah contain records of atmospheric mineral-dust deposition as revealed by differences in mineralogy and geochemistry of lake sediments relative to Precambrian clastic rocks in the watersheds. In cores spanning more than a thousand years, the largest changes in composition occurred within the past approximately 140 years. Many elements associated with ore deposits (Ag, As, Bi, Cd, Cu, In, Mo, Pb, S, Sb, Sn, and Te) increase in the lake sediments above depths that correspond to about AD 1870. Sources of these metals from mining districts to the west of the Uinta Mountains are suggested by (1) the absence of mining and smelting of these metals in the Uinta Mountains, and (2) lower concentrations of most of these elements in post-settlement sediments of Hidden Lake than in those of Marshall Lake, which is closer to areas of mining and the densely urbanized part of north-central Utah that is termed the Wasatch Front, and (3) correspondence of Pb isotopic compositions in the sediments with isotopic composition of ores likely to have been smelted in the Wasatch Front. A major source of Cu in lake sediments may have been the Bingham Canyon open-pit mine 110 km west of Marshall Lake. Numerous other sources of metals beyond the Wasatch Front are likely, on the basis of the widespread increases of industrial activities in western United States since about AD 1900. In sediment deposited since ca. AD 1945, as estimated using ^239+240Pu activities, increases in concentrations of Mn, Fe, S, and some other redox-sensitive metals may result partly from diagenesis related to changes in redox. However, our results indicate that these elemental increases are also related to atmospheric inputs on the basis of their large increases that are nearly coincident with abrupt increases in silt-sized, titanium-bearing detrital magnetite. Such magnetite is interpreted as a component of atmospheric dust, because it is absent in catchment bedrock. Enrichment of P in sediments deposited after ca. AD 1950 appears to be caused largely by atmospheric inputs, perhaps from agricultural fertilizer along with magnetite-bearing soil.  相似文献   

Improvement of a solid waste collection system: the case of Givatayim,Israel     

Rivka Ronen  Aharon Kellerman  Mordecai Lapidot 《Applied geography (Sevenoaks, England)》1983,3(2):133-144

The increasing quantities of solid waste and the high costs of its collection call for modifications of the collection routes in urban areas, in order to reduce the number of collecting teams and the distances travelled by them. Several mathematical models, aiming at the optimization of route length, are examined in this paper. It is suggested that the solutions derived from these models are only partial and that they cannot fully handle some of the constraints which the collection routing problem involves. The preferred method, therefore, is the heuristic model which is based on manual analysis of the routes system using a set of specified rules. This method is, then, used for an analysis and modification of the waste collection routes of Givatayim, Israel. Implementation of the proposed routes may save the town one out of six collection teams and would reduce the total distance travelled by some 18.7 per cent.  相似文献