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Rais Latypov Tony Morse Brian Robins Richard Wilson Grant Cawthorn Christian Tegner Marian Holness Charles Lesher Steve Barnes Brian O’Driscoll Ilya Veksler Michael Higgins Allan Wilson Olivier Namur Sofya Chistyakova Richard Naslund Peter Thy 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2015,169(2):1-10
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Sinem Yavuz Roman Pevzner Sofya Popik Konstantin Tertyshnikov Todd Wood Michelle C. Robertson Julia Correa Barry Freifeld 《Geophysical Prospecting》2022,70(1):108-120
Time-lapse seismic is one of the main methods for monitoring changes in reservoir conditions caused by production or injection of fluids. One approach to time-lapse seismic is through permanent reservoir monitoring, whereby seismic sources and/or receivers are permanently deployed. Permanent reservoir monitoring can offer a more cost-effective and environmentally friendly solution than traditional campaign-based surveys that rely on temporarily deployed equipment while facilitating more frequent measurements. At the CO2CRC Otway Project, surface orbital vibrators were coupled to a buried geophone array to form a permanent reservoir monitoring system. These are fixed position seismic sources that provide both P and S waves using induction motor-driven eccentric masses. After an initial injection of CO2 in February 2016, five months of continuous seismic data were acquired, and reflection imaging was used to assess the system performance. Analysis of the data showed the effects of weather variations on the near-surface conditions and the sweep signatures of surface orbital vibrators. Data processing flows of the continuous data was adapted from Vibroseis four-dimensional data processing flows. Ground roll proved a significant challenge to data processing. In addition, variations in the surface wave pattern were linked to major rainfall events. For the appraisal of surface orbital vibrators in imaging, a Vibroseis four-dimensional monitor survey data with similar geometry was also processed. Surface orbital vibrators are observed to be reliable sources with a potential to provide a repeatable signal, especially if the ground roll should fall outside the target window of interest. To guide future permanent reservoir monitoring applications, a repeatability analysis was performed for the various key data processing steps. 相似文献
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Numerous observations on mafic–ultramafic layered intrusions, sills and dykes show that chilled margins always develop as an integral part of their marginal reversals and possess the following features: (a) they are commonly much more evolved or primitive than bulk intrusion compositions, (b) evolved chilled margins are composed of the low temperature cotectic assemblages of relevant magmatic systems and (c) tend to be compositionally similar in intrusions formed from different parental magmas, (d) fine-grained chilled margins are notably absent in many intrusions, with contact rocks being represented by medium- to coarse-grained cumulates. The anomalous features of chilled margins can be partly attributed to contamination, intratelluric inhomogeneity of magma, changes in composition of intruding magma, loss of magma from the chamber, supercooling, etc. A major process still remains, however, illusive, but appears to be universally operating along the cooling margins of magmatic bodies in a liquid state, being gravity-independent and temperature gradient-driven. We recognize this not yet specified process as Soret fractionation and explain the above observations in the following way. Primary chilled margins do not commonly survive because of intensive remelting by heat flux from the interior of the chamber. The subsequently formed “secondary chilled margins” represent cumulates that crystallized from liquids produced by temperature gradient-driven Soret fractionation. At high temperature gradients the process tends to produce similar cotectic liquids crystallizing gabbronorite (or gabbro) from all parental magmas of a given magmatic system, resulting in compositionally similar “secondary chilled margins” that are more evolved than bulk compositions. At low temperature gradients the process produces liquids that are only slightly more fractionated than the parental magma and form “secondary chilled margins” that are more primitive than bulk compositions. This interpretation suggests that, apart from the rare cases of chilled margins that survived remelting, they should not be used as monitors for parental magma compositions of intrusive bodies, even if all conventional complicating factors were not operative. 相似文献
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